Immunological and Pathophysiological Outcomes of Helminth Infections and Type 2 Diabetes Comorbidity Studies in Humans and Experimental Animals—A Scoping Review

Silas, E G; Ndlovu, Siyanda; Tshilwane, Selaelo Ivy; Mukaratirwa, Samson

doi:10.3390/app11178079

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…An epiphenomenon of this survival strategy is likely to be an overall reduction in systemic inflammation within the host and an increase in insulin sensitivity [ 21 ]. This hypothesis is consistent with the low-level chronic inflammation that is a common feature of diabetes [ 39 ] and with the negative association between IL-10 and diabetes that has been reported in other settings [ 38 ]. Nevertheless, case–control studies from the UK [ 35 ] and Brazil [ 40 ] found an increased risk of Strongyloides seropositivity among adults with diabetes, and in the first community-based study to address this issue, we found that Strongyloides seropositivity was not associated with diabetes when BMI was included in the multivariate model.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Decreased blood insulin levels may result from an imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines. Adiponectin is a major inflammatory modulator that influences glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in diabetes [ 38 ]. Modulation of adipocytokines due to Strongyloides infection may also confer a degree of protection against the severity of type 2 diabetes [ 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Association between Diabetes and Human T-Cell Leukaemia Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1) with Strongyloides stercoralis: Results of a Community-Based, Cross-Sectional Survey in Central Australia

Talukder

Pham

Woodman

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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In central Australia, an area that is endemic for the human T-cell leukaemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1), the prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis and its association with other health conditions are unknown. A cross-sectional community-based survey was conducted in seven remote Aboriginal communities in central Australia, from 2014 to 2018. All residents aged ≥10 years were invited to complete a health survey and to provide blood for Strongyloides serology, HTLV-1 serology and HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL). Risk factors for Strongyloides seropositivity and associations with specific health conditions including diabetes and HTLV-1 were determined using logistic regression. Overall Strongyloides seroprevalence was 27% (156/576) (children, 22% (9/40); adults (≥15 years), 27% (147/536), varied widely between communities (5–42%) and was not associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal, respiratory or dermatological symptoms. Increasing age, lower HTLV-1 PVL (<1000 copies per 105 peripheral blood leucocytes) compared to the HTLV-1 uninfected group and community of residence were significant risk factors for Strongyloides seropositivity in an adjusted model. A modest reduction in the odds of diabetes among Strongyloides seropositive participants was found (aOR 0.58, 95% CI 0.35, 1.00; p = 0.049); however, this was lost when body mass index was included in the adjusted model (aOR 0.48, 95% CI 0.48, 1.47; p = 0.542). Strongyloides seropositivity had no relationship with anaemia. Exploring social and environmental practices in communities with low Strongyloides seroprevalence may provide useful lessons for similar settings.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Diabetes and Human T-Cell Leukaemia Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1) with Strongyloides stercoralis: Results of a Community-Based, Cross-Sectional Survey in Central Australia

Talukder

Pham

Woodman

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…In obese humans, the presence of an active helminth infection is associated with lower levels of LDL cholesterol [ 71 ] and improved glucose metabolism with decreased levels of fasting glucose and prevention of development of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes [ 72 ], even if infection did not provide major impact on Body Mass Index [ 73 ] and HOMA-IR [ 71 ]. As in animal models, helminth-associated metabolic improvement in humans have been linked to increased Th2 and decreased Th1 responses [ 73 ], and modulation of the secretion of chemokines [ 74 ], cytokines [ 74 ] and adipokines [ 73 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Helminth infection modulates number and function of adipose tissue Tregs in high fat diet-induced obesity

et al. 2022

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Background Epidemiological and experimental studies have shown a protective effect of helminth infections in weight gain and against the development of metabolic dysfunctions in the host. However, the mechanisms Treg cells exert in the helminth-obesity interface has been poorly investigated. The present study aimed to verify the influence of Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection in early stages of high fat diet-induced obesity. Principal findings The presence of infection was able to prevent exacerbated weight gain in mice fed with high fat diet when compared to non-infected controls. In addition, infected animals displayed improved insulin sensitivity and decreased fat accumulation in the liver. Obesity-associated inflammation was reduced in the presence of infection, demonstrated by lower levels of leptin and resistin, lower infiltration of Th1 and Th17 cells in adipose tissue, higher expression of IL10 and adiponectin, increased infiltration of Th2 and eosinophils in adipose tissue of infected animals. Of note, the parasite infection was associated with increased Treg frequency in adipose tissue which showed higher expression of cell surface markers of function and activation, like LAP and CD134. The infection could also increase adipose Treg suppressor function in animals on high fat diet. Conclusion These data suggest that H. polygyrus modulates adipose tissue Treg cells with implication for weight gain and metabolic syndrome.

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“…Trichinella antigens also function in the stimulation of dendritic cells and macrophages to interrelate with T cells [23]. Helminth infection also influences the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines and may result in the protective effect against diabetes onset [24]. Considering the increase in the prevalence of helminths infection and the increasing number of T2DM in developing countries, it is important to understand the immunological and physiopathological mechanisms that are induced during comorbidity of T. zimbabwensis (a tissue dwelling helminth species) and T2DM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokines, Chemokines, Insulin and Haematological Indices in Type 2 Diabetic Male Sprague Dawley Rats Infected with Trichinella zimbabwensis

2022

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease induced by the inability to control high blood glucose level. Helminth-induced immunomodulation has been reported to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which, in turn, ameliorates insulin sensitivity. Therefore, there is a need to understand the underlying mechanisms utilized by helminths in metabolism and the induction of immuno-inflammatory responses during helminthic infection and T2DM comorbidity. This study aimed at using a laboratory animal model to determine the cytokines, chemokines and haematological indices in diabetic (T2DM) male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats infected with Trichinella zimbabwensis. One hundred and two male SD rats (160–180 g) were randomly selected into three experimental groups (i. T2DM-induced group (D) ii. T. zimbabwensis infected + T2DM group (TzD) and iii. T. zimbabwensis-infected group (Tz)). Rats selected for the D group and TzD group were injected with 40 mg/kg live weight of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally to induce T2DM, while animals in the Tz and TzD group were infected with T. zimbabwensis. Results showed that adult T. zimbabwensis worm loads and mean T. zimbabwensis larvae per gram (lpg) of rat muscle were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the Tz group when compared to the TzD group. Blood glucose levels in the D group were significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to the TzD group. An increase in insulin concentration was observed among the TzD group when compared to the D group. Liver and muscle glycogen decreased in the D when compared to the TzD group. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in red blood cells (RBCs) was observed in the D group when compared to the TzD and Tz groups. An increase in haematocrit, haemoglobin, white blood cells (WBCs), platelet, neutrophils and monocyte were observed in the D group when compared to the TzD group. TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 concentrations were elevated in the TzD group when compared to the D and Tz groups, while IL-6 concentration showed a significant reduction in the Tz when compared to the D and the TzD groups. A significant increase in CCL5 in the D and TzD groups was observed in comparison to the Tz group. CXCL10 and CCL11 concentration also showed an increase in the TzD group in comparison to the Tz and the D groups. Overall, our results confirm that T. zimbabwensis, a parasite which produces tissue-dwelling larvae in the host, regulates T2DM driven inflammation to mediate a positive protective effect against T2DM outcomes.

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Immunological and Pathophysiological Outcomes of Helminth Infections and Type 2 Diabetes Comorbidity Studies in Humans and Experimental Animals—A Scoping Review

Cited by 5 publications

References 37 publications

The Association between Diabetes and Human T-Cell Leukaemia Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1) with Strongyloides stercoralis: Results of a Community-Based, Cross-Sectional Survey in Central Australia

The Association between Diabetes and Human T-Cell Leukaemia Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1) with Strongyloides stercoralis: Results of a Community-Based, Cross-Sectional Survey in Central Australia

Helminth infection modulates number and function of adipose tissue Tregs in high fat diet-induced obesity

Cytokines, Chemokines, Insulin and Haematological Indices in Type 2 Diabetic Male Sprague Dawley Rats Infected with Trichinella zimbabwensis

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