2020
DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v11.i2.14
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Immunological aspects of COVID-19: What do we know?

Abstract: The newly emerged coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2) and the disease that it causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have changed the world we know. Yet, the origin and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 remain mostly vague. Many virulence factors and immune mechanisms contribute to the deteriorating effects on the organism during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Both humoral and cellular immune responses are involved in the pathophysiology of the disease, where the principal and effective i… Show more

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Cited by 34 publications
(32 citation statements)
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“…IL-6 involvement in liver failure during COVID-19 is also established as a part of the cytokine storm [ 4 ]. In some cases, abdominal pain is due to mesenteric lymphadenitis, which might also be connected with IL-6 [ 23 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…IL-6 involvement in liver failure during COVID-19 is also established as a part of the cytokine storm [ 4 ]. In some cases, abdominal pain is due to mesenteric lymphadenitis, which might also be connected with IL-6 [ 23 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, with time, it became evident that COVID-19 can present with wide variability of symptoms, including gastrointestinal, neurologic, cardiovascular, and even multiorgan failure, as part of a severe inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) [ 2 ]. Furthermore, research shows that the wide range of clinical manifestations is linked to the viral tropism to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor found on many different cells, including liver and bile-duct epithelial cells [ 3 , 4 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The extensive cell death observed in retained lymphocytes was due to the pro-apoptotic effect of IL-6 and Fas-FasL interactions. In this context, treating patients with IL-6 receptor antagonist (tocilizumab) was found to increase the number of circulating lymphocytes (Diao et al, 2020;Guo et al, 2020;Shiow et al, 2006;Velikova, Kotsev, Georgiev, & Batselova, 2020).…”
Section: T Lymphocytes Responsesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Humoral and cell-mediated immunity of both types of immune responses is particularly prominent when COVID-19 infection occurs. However, cell-mediated immunity is prime and effective against viral infections 29 . In COVID-19 patients, abnormal lymphocyte distribution, an increase in mature natural killer cells (NK), and a decrease in T cells have been identified.…”
Section: Immunology Of Covid-19mentioning
confidence: 99%