Immunological detection of the Weligama coconut leaf wilt disease associated phytoplasma: Development and validation of a polyclonal antibody based indirect ELISA

Silva, Chamini Kanatiwela-de; Damayanthi, M. M. N.; Silva, K.M. Nalin de; Wijesekera, Rohana; Dickinson, Matthew; Weerakoon, Dushni; Udagama, Preethi

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214983

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Papaya plants have optimal cultivation temperatures of between 25°C and 30°C. Temperature, moisture, light, and wind are also major environmental factors impacting papaya production [37,38]. Temperatures lower than 16°C and higher than 36°C for extended periods negatively impact plant growth [39].…”

Section: Papaya Responses To Environment Stressesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Papaya: The Versatile Tropical Fruit

Burns¹,

Saengmanee²,

Doung-ngern³

2023

Tropical Plant Species and Technological Interventions for Improvement

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Papaya (Carica papaya L) is a versatile tropical fruit with its usage ranging from consumption, cosmetics, to pharmaceuticals. In 2020, it was the third most-produced tropical fruit crop in the world. Papaya is a trioecious herbaceous plant with distinct flower and fruit morphological appearances. The fruits from hermaphrodite papaya are favorable for both consumption and processing due to their superior quality. Papaya has a genome size of 372 Mb and chromosome of 2n =18. The male and hermaphrodite papaya have XY and XYh sex chromosomes, respectively, while the female has XX. Using omics and bioinformatics approaches, papaya cultivars with desired fruit quality can be selected and identified from germplasm for incorporation in breeding programs. Papaya production can be done either in open fields or under protected cultivation. Open field cultivation provides for large-scale production, but with the disadvantages of variability in fruit yield, quality, and limitations on growing and harvesting seasons. Under protected cultivation, papaya can be cultivated in all seasons, whilst delivering higher yields. Conversely, multidisciplinary approaches with selected papaya cultivars, good farm management, and suitable conditions provide high yields of quality fruit for both consumption and processing, whilst minimizing the adverse effects related to environmental conditions.

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Section: Papaya Responses To Environment Stressesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Papaya: The Versatile Tropical Fruit

Burns¹,

Saengmanee²,

Doung-ngern³

2023

Tropical Plant Species and Technological Interventions for Improvement

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“…Due to the difficulty in developing polyclonal antisera with high titre value, the application of serodiagnostics is limited in the detection of phytoplasmal diseases of palms. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed and standardized for the detection of RWD (Sasikala et al, 2010) and WCLWD of coconut (Kanatiwela-de Silva et al, 2019) and YLD of arecanut (Rajeev et al, 2011).…”

Section: Serologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Scenario on Phytoplasmal Diseases in Palms

Hegde

Babu

Josephrajkumar

2022

ije

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Worldwide phytoplasma diseases pose great threat to the sustainability of the palm family members viz., coconut, arecanut, date palm, oil palm and ornamental palms causing setbacks in economic and livelihood security. So far, at least eight Candidatus Phytoplasma species belonging to different 16Sr groups have been reported to be associated with coconut. This includes Ca. P. asteris (lethal wilt disease in India; 16Sr IB), Ca. P. oryzae (Coconut root (wilt) disease in India, Weligama leaf wilt disease in Sri Lanka; 16Sr XIB), Ca. P. cynodontis (Coconut yellow decline in Malaysia; 16Sr XIV), Ca. P. malaysianum (Malayan yellow dwarf phytoplasma in Malaysia; 16Sr XXXIIB), Ca. P. palmicola (Cape St. Paul wilt in Ghana, Awka wilt in Nigeria; 16Sr XXIIB), Ca. P. cocostanzaniae (lethal yellowing in East Africa; 16Sr IVC), Ca. P. noviguineense (Coconut bogia syndrome in Papua new Guinea) and Ca. P. palmae (Coconut lethal yellowing in Americas and Caribbean region; 16Sr IVA,B,E). Though there are several reports on insects transmitting coconut phytoplasmal diseases, except for LY in Florida and RWD in India, the vectors remain elusive. Susceptibility of date palms to phytoplasmal diseases viz., lethal yellowing, Alwijam, White Tip Dieback (WTD) and Slow Decline (SD) or El Arkish’ are emerging concerns in Arabian countries and North Africa. Oil palm is a potential host of diverse groups (16SrI, 16SrXI, 16Sr XIV and 16SrXXXII) of phytoplasma in many parts of the world. Yellow leaf disease caused by 16SrI, 16SrXI and16SrXIV group phytoplasmas is one of the major diseases limiting the productivity of arecanut in south India. Many ornamental palm species harbour a wide array of phytoplasma groups that could serve as an intermediary mode of transmission to cultivated palms. Large scale movement of ornamental palms through international trade warrants the need for strengthening the international quarantine networks and bio-security measures to contain the spread of these phytopathogenic mollicutes. Despite rapid progress accomplished in taxonomy using molecular approaches many palm phytoplasma isolates are yet to be characterized for the assignment of specific taxonomic status. Due to its confinement to phloem, non-uniform distribution and sub-minimal titres in palms, molecular detection is many atimes intriguing. Palm-phytoplasmal interaction and transmission mechanism by auchenorrhynchan fauna are poorly understood. As a victim of climate change, phytoplasma diseases in synergy with survival superiority of insect vectors are extremely challenging to comprehend and evolve effective suppression mechanism. Management approaches involving surveillance, eradication and containment of the disease in newly emerging areas along with resistance breeding to ensure sustainable income to the farmers are discussed in this chapter.

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“…This could be due to the lower specificity of the primers, uneven titer and the erratic distribution of the pathogen in the plant, variability in primer-binding sites, or the association of other fastidious prokaryotes with the symptomatic samples. Even though immunological detection methods [ 16 ] and a qPCR method [ 17 ] have been developed, they are not cost-effective and feasible for large-scale studies. Therefore, further improvements to the PCR-based method are required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nested PCR-Based Rapid Detection of Phytoplasma Leaf Wilt Disease of Coconut in Sri Lanka and Systemic Movement of the Pathogen

et al. 2023

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Phytoplasmas are associated with many plant diseases. In palms, lethal bronzing disease, Texas Phoenix palm decline, and coconut lethal yellowing decline are some of them. In Sri Lanka, coconut leaf wilt decline has been reported in the Weligama area of the Southern province, and the disease is called Weligama coconut leaf wilt disease (WCLWD). Unlike other phytoplasma diseases of palms, WCLWD shows slow disease progress. Pathogen detection entirely relies on nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, inconsistencies in pathogen detection have been experienced, i.e., symptomatic plants often produce negative results. The objectives of this study were to reconsider the choice of primers and to determine the best sampling tissue types for consistent detection of the pathogen. Among the six universal primer combinations tested, P1/Tint nested with fU5/rU3 produced consistent results. BLASTn searches of the sequences showed 99–100% similarity to sugarcane white leaf disease (SWL) or grassy shoot (SGS) disease-causing phytoplasma. The optimized nested PCR protocol was successful, with the minimum success rating of 88% and 100% specificity. Midribs of milky white bud leaf samples were the best tissue type for rapid detection. Systemic movement of the pathogen and a tentative latent period were also reported. The findings are helpful in the early detection of the disease.

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Immunological detection of the Weligama coconut leaf wilt disease associated phytoplasma: Development and validation of a polyclonal antibody based indirect ELISA

Cited by 13 publications

References 28 publications

Papaya: The Versatile Tropical Fruit

Papaya: The Versatile Tropical Fruit

Global Scenario on Phytoplasmal Diseases in Palms

Nested PCR-Based Rapid Detection of Phytoplasma Leaf Wilt Disease of Coconut in Sri Lanka and Systemic Movement of the Pathogen

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