Immunological Effects of Propofol, Ketamine and Isoflurane in Dexmedetomidine and Butorphanol Premedicated Dogs

Abstract

Background: The study was conducted to evaluate the immunological effects of Propofol, Ketamine and Isoflurane in Dexmedetomidine and Butorphanol premedicated dogs.Methods: Four groups of dogs (A, B, C and D), 6 animals in each, were premedicated with Glycopyrrolate, Dexmedetomidine and Butorphanol. Induction was done with Propofol (A and B) and Ketamine (C and D). Anaesthesia was maintained with Isoflurane (A and C), Propofol (B) and Ketamine (D). The cytokine mRNA expressions and cell mediated immunity response were studied before and after anesthesia at different time intervals. Result: The down regulation of IL-2 was observed during the study period with significant changes in Group A, C and D except group B. The IL-4 and IL-10 showed non-significant up regulation in all the groups and gradually returned to the pre-induction level. The IL-6 showed significant down regulation at 2 hours and day 1 and up regulation on day 3 in all the groups. The TGF-β showed up regulation in all the groups and then came to the pre-induction level with significant changes in Group A, C and D.

Effect of Atropine Sulphate on Laryngeal Accessibility and Visibility for Swine Intubation

“…In clinical practice, atropine sulfate is also used to anesthetize dogs, but its exact action is not clear (Saikia et al, 2022) (Kumar et al, 2020). Some new studies describing anesthesia in dogs use another drug from the same group, glycopyrrolate (Bayan and Sarma, 2022).…”