Immunological evaluation of the crevicular fluid in patients with gingivitis, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis: a 1-year cross-sectional study

Abstract

Objective: To assess the levels of IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IL-32 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) in patients with gingivitis, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis before and one year after implant installation. Material and Methods: Forty-nine samples of GCF and PICF were collected from March 2018 to March 2019. The patients were classified: patients with gingivitis (n=7), patients with periodontitis (n=14), patients with peri-implantitis (n=4) and healthy patients (n=24). The crevicular fluid from the 49 patients was collected before implant installation (n=8) and one year after implant placement (n=8). The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate the levels of cytokines in crevicular fluid. Results: Patients with gingivitis, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis showed higher concentrations of IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IL-32 when compared with control group. In general, the levels of IL-12 and IL-15 increased when compared to the moments before and after implant installation. There was also an increase in the concentration of IL-18 in the control group volunteers after implant installation. Conclusion: The results and methodology of this study showed that there was no difference in the synthesis of IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IL-32 in healthy individuals or in those with periodontal injuries. However, there was an increase in the cytokines IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 one year after implant installation, which would be increasing the inflammatory activity in peri-implantitis.

New immunological aspects of peri-implantitis

“…All the clinical investigations were conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. ( 19 )…”

“…Marginal bleeding: the presence or absence of bleeding was recorded by passage of the periodontal probe along the soft tissue margin; suppuration: presence or absence of spontaneous suppuration or probing; depth of probing: distance (mm) between the margin of the mucosa to the bottom of the sulcus or peri-implant pocket. ( 19 )…”

“…For the collection of PICF, the selected implants were isolated using a sterile gauze, and the collection sites were gently dried with an air syringe. Four cones of absorbent paper number 40 were placed individually at each collection site (mesiobuccal, buccal, distobuccal, mesiolingual, lingual ( 19 ) and distolingual), approximately 2mm into the sulcus/pocket for 30 seconds each. Cones contaminated with blood or saliva were excluded.…”

“…The ELISA was performed in a blinded manner. (19) The study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Human Research of the Universidade de Uberaba/MG, Brazil (CAAE: 64947717.0.0000.5145; # 2.457.394).…”

The Link between Stroke Risk and Orodental Status—A Comprehensive Review

“…The control of gingivitis is essential for the prevention of periodontitis. Among oral infections, periodontal diseases refer to inflammatory processes that affect the tooth-supporting structures such as the gingiva, alveolar bone, and periodontal ligament [ 73 ]. These events lead to tooth loss and contribute to systemic inflammation.…”