Immunological memory and neutralizing activity to a single dose of COVID-19 vaccine in previously infected individuals

Sasikala, Mitnala; Jaggaiahgari, Shashidhar; Gujjarlapudi, Deepika; Vishnubhotla, Ravikanth; Krishna, V V; Sadhana, Yelamanchili; Pragathi, Kottapalli; Reddy, Duvvur Nageshwar

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.034

Cited by 50 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Importantly, we, for the first time, demonstrate this effect at the level of both plasmablasts and MBCs rather than just via quantification of antibody responses and assessment of their neutralization activity. Combined with previously reported data (Rossi et al, 2021;Sasikala et al, 2021), our results indicate that a single dose of the adenovirus-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, like mRNA-based vaccines, may be sufficient for protective immunity, when used in subjects with pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Among naive vaccine recipients, the response to Sputnik V vaccination was overall slower than that of recovered vaccine recipients, and a fraction of vaccinees who received both doses of Sputnik V never displayed the concentration and neutralization potency of antibodies that would match the levels observed in recovered individuals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Memory B cell and humoral responses elicited by Sputnik V in naïve and COVID-19-recovered vaccine recipients

Byazrova

Kulemzin

Astakhova

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The development of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 remains a global health priority. Despite extensive use, the effects of Sputnik V on B cell immunity need to be explored in detail. We show that B memory cell (MBC) and antibody responses to Sputnik V were heavily dependent on whether the vaccinee had a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection or not. In vitro stimulated MBCs from previously infected recipients of Sputnik V secreted a significant amount of anti-RBD IgG both on days 28 and 85 from the beginning of vaccination. These antibodies demonstrated robust neutralization of the Wuhan Spike-pseudotyped lentivirus. In the naïve group of vaccinees, the level of anti-RBD IgG secretion was five- to- six-fold reduced compared to that of the recovered group, and maximum virus neutralization (Wuhan spike) was achieved only on day 85. Sera from all the recovered and most naïve Sputnik V recipients were neutralizing against the ancestral Wuhan and mutant B.1.351 viruses. Thus, our in-depth analysis of MBC responses in Sputnik V vaccinees complements traditional serological approaches and may provide important outlook into future B cell responses upon re-encounter with the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Memory B cell and humoral responses elicited by Sputnik V in naïve and COVID-19-recovered vaccine recipients

Byazrova

Kulemzin

Astakhova

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…There have been reports that a single dose of mRNA vaccine in people with a history of COVID infection induces an immune response similar to those who have received two doses of vaccine and no history of COVID infection [8–11]. Similar data have been put forward for the vector-borne vaccine ChAdOx1 in a single study[12]. Overall limited data isavailable comparing the immunogenicity of vector-based vaccines in those with prior infection and those who have received two doses without infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…There have been multiple reports in small cohorts about the effectiveness of a single dose of an RNA based vaccine in patients who had COVID-19 before[8,10–12,18]. Most of these studies had been carried out in health care workers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid immunity versus vaccine-induced immunity against SARS CoV2 in Patients with Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases

Shenoy

Ahmed²,

Paul³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Introduction: Single-dose COVID-19 vaccines in healthy individuals with past COVID-19 infections seem to provide better immunity than double doses in COVID-19 unexposed individuals. However, it is not known whether the same is true for patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (AIRD) who are on immunosuppressants. Methods: We identified 30 patients with AIRD who took a single dose of the ChAdOx1 vaccine post-COVID-19 infection. Age, sex and disease similar patients were enrolled in to three groups of 30 each who had (1) past infection with COVID-19 but no vaccine, (2) a single dose of ChAdOx1 and (3) double doses of ChAdOx1. Sera were collected from each patient approximately 30 days after last vaccine dose or since the onset of COVID19 symptoms (in the unvaccinated group). Antibodies to spike protein were estimated and virus neutralization potential of sera was tested. Results: Baseline characteristics including drug usage was similar betweenthe groups. Seroconversion occurred in 25(83%), 23(77%), 27(90%), and 30(100%) in natural infection, single-dose vaccine, double dose vaccine, and infection and single dose vaccine groups respectively. Mean antibody titres (10076.8 SD 8998) in the last group were at least 6-100x higher than in the other 3 groups. Also, the infection +vaccine group had the highest neutralization potential of 83.37 % as compared to 45.4% in the fully vaccinated group. Conclusion: The hybrid immunity with a single dose of the vector-based vaccine post-infection seems to be superior to double dosage of the vaccine in patients with AIRD. A universal vaccination strategy involving a single dose of vaccine for all individuals with previous COVID-19 infection seems to be effective in these patients also.

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“…The first such caveat is that the equivalence between the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and vaccine efficacy is not so straightforward, since the role played by cellular immunity and memory B cells cannot be ascertained only through serological testing [58]. Therefore, although cases of SARS-CoV-2 re-infection due to waiving of humoral immunity, VOCs, or both are increasingly reported [59], more research is urgently needed to define (i) the individual protective threshold level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies below which the humoral defense against different SARS-CoV-2 variants is more likely to fail [60], (ii) whether the memory B cells primed by previous SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination can be rapidly reactivated and will be capable of generating an efficient anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody level [61,62], and (iii) the role of cell-mediated immunity in protecting from SARS-CoV-2 infection and especially in averting the risk of developing severe or critical forms of the disease. Besides the still uncertain relationship with vaccine efficacy, evidence was also published showing that the different commercially available anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays display variable agreement with neutralization tests [63].…”

Section: Potential Drawbacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Testing in Recipients of COVID-19 Vaccination: Why, When, and How?

2021

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Although universal vaccination is one of the most important healthcare strategies for limiting SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) circulation and averting the huge number of hospitalizations and deaths due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), significant inter-individual variability of COVID-19 vaccines’ efficacies has been described, mostly due to heterogeneous immune response in recipients. This opinion paper hence aims to discuss aspects related to the opportunity of monitoring anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies before and after COVID-19 vaccination, highlighting the pros and cons of this strategy. In summary, the advantages of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies’ testing in recipients of COVID-19 vaccination encompass an assessment of baseline seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in non-vaccinated individuals; early identification of low or non-responders to COVID-19 vaccination; and timely detection of faster decay of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. In contrast, potential drawbacks to date include an unproven equivalence between anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titer, neutralizing activity, and vaccine efficiency; the lack of cost-effective analyses of different testing strategies; the enormous volume of blood drawings and increase of laboratory workload that would be needed to support universal anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies testing. A potential solution entails the identification of cohorts to be prioritized for testing, including those at higher risk of being infected by variants of concern, those at higher risk of unfavorable disease progression, and subjects in whom vaccine immunogenicity may be expectedly lower and/or shorter.

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Immunological memory and neutralizing activity to a single dose of COVID-19 vaccine in previously infected individuals

Cited by 50 publications

References 9 publications

Memory B cell and humoral responses elicited by Sputnik V in naïve and COVID-19-recovered vaccine recipients

Memory B cell and humoral responses elicited by Sputnik V in naïve and COVID-19-recovered vaccine recipients

Hybrid immunity versus vaccine-induced immunity against SARS CoV2 in Patients with Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Testing in Recipients of COVID-19 Vaccination: Why, When, and How?

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