Immunological responses following early embryonic surgical bursectomy

Fitzsimmons, R. C.; Garrod, E.M.F.; Garnett, I.

doi:10.1016/0008-8749(73)90052-x

Cited by 63 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Some results, however, showed that bursectomy does not eliminate all B-cells (Fitzsimmons et al, 1973;Lerner et al, 1971). Gallego and Glick (1988) found that labeled B-cells injected intravenously into 6-week chickens do not migrate to the Harderian gland, suggesting that the Harderian gland plasma cells may derive from B-cells that enter before 2 weeks of age or that the microenvironment of the gland supported stem cell differentiation.…”

Section: Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 95%

The avian Harderian gland: Morphology and immunology

Shirama

Satoh

Kitamura

et al. 1996

Microsc. Res. Tech.

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Section: Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 95%

The avian Harderian gland: Morphology and immunology

Shirama

Satoh

Kitamura

et al. 1996

Microsc. Res. Tech.

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“…Surgical removal of the bursa at an early stage results in depletion of the B-cell lineage and a permanent reduction in antibody production, although results can vary because surgical bursectomy is technically challenging and it is difficult to ensure complete removal of B cells and secreted Ig (19). In chickens, unlike mammals, there is a developmental window during which the Ig genes rearrange, and the adult B-cell population is entirely derived from cells that undergo rearrangement during embryonic and early postembryonic life (20).…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Immunoglobulin knockout chickens via efficient homologous recombination in primordial germ cells

Schusser

Collarini²,

Yi³

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

132

134

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Gene targeting by homologous recombination or by sequencespecific nucleases allows the precise modification of genomes and genes to elucidate their functions. Although gene targeting has been used extensively to modify the genomes of mammals, fish, and amphibians, a targeting technology has not been available for the avian genome. Many of the principles of humoral immunity were discovered in chickens, yet the lack of gene targeting technologies in birds has limited biomedical research using this species. Here we describe targeting the joining (J) gene segment of the chicken Ig heavy chain gene by homologous recombination in primordial germ cells to establish fully transgenic chickens carrying the knockout. In homozygous knockouts, Ig heavy chain production is eliminated, and no antibody response is elicited on immunization. Migration of B-lineage precursors into the bursa of Fabricius is unaffected, whereas development into mature B cells and migration from the bursa are blocked in the mutants. Other cell types in the immune system appear normal. Chickens lacking the peripheral B-cell population will provide a unique experimental model to study avian immune responses to infectious disease. More generally, gene targeting in avian primordial germ cells will foster advances in diverse fields of biomedical research such as virology, stem cells, and developmental biology, and provide unique approaches in biotechnology, particularly in the field of antibody discovery.B-cell development | avian immunology | genome editing T he chicken has historically been an important model vertebrate organism in the fields of developmental biology and immunology and has contributed a number of basic tenets to these fields. For example, B lymphocytes were first recognized in chickens as the antibody-producing cells and are named after the bursa of Fabricius, a gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) that is required for B-cell development in chickens (1). Graft-versushost response was first described in chicken embryos (2), and the first attenuated vaccine was developed by Louis Pasteur against fowl cholera caused by Pasteurella multocida. Nevertheless, the lack of a robust genome editing technology including knockouts has put the chicken at a distinct disadvantage to mammalian species, especially the mouse, as a vertebrate animal model. The discovery of ES cells provided a powerful method to make desired changes to genes of interest in the mouse using homologous recombination, but interestingly, ES cells have not been as easily derived from other species. In the case of chickens, ES cells can contribute to all somatic lineages in high-grade chimeras, but germ-line transmission has not yet been demonstrated, precluding their use in creating fully transgenic chickens (3). Although ES cells are not germ line competent in chickens, embryo-derived primordial germ cells (PGCs) can be cultured indefinitely, transfected, clonally selected, and reintroduced into the embryo where they colonize the gonad and give rise to fully transgenic progeny ...

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“…The 55% hatchability for TE-injected turkey embryos at the 15th days was comparable with the 50% or greater rate in the chicken for 12 days (Mueller et al, 1962;Glick, 1983) and 5 days of incubation (Claflin et al, 1966). Hatchability of early embryonic (60 to 70 h) SBx chicks was reported to be low (10 to 20%; Fitzsimmons et al, 1973;Glick, 1983;Jalkanen et al, 1984). Late embryo SBx in turkeys (25 days of incubation) gave the best hatchability and was the method of choice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In the chicken, surgical bursectomy (SBx) has been performed in early embryonic (Fitzsimmons et al, 1973(Fitzsimmons et al, , 1977Jankovic et al, 1977;Eerola et al, 1984;Jalkanen et al, 1984;Veromma et al, 1988), late embryonic (Van Alten et al, 1968;Cooper et al, 1969;Blythman and White, 1977;Schat et al, 1980), and posthatch (Glick et al, 1956;Mueller et al, 1962;Glick, 1971;Lerner et al, 1971;Hirota et al, 1981) stages of development. Testosterone (TE) and cyclophosphamide (CY), have been used to chemically bursectomize early and late embryos as well as young chicks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effect of Surgical and Chemical In Ovo Bursectomy on Hatchability, Mortality Rate, and Antibody Response in Hypertensive and Hypotensive Lines of Turkeys

et al. 1991

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The effect of in ovo bursectomy on hatchability, mortality rate, and antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was studied in hypertensive and hypotensive lines of turkeys. Experiments were conducted to assess the optimal time to perform surgical in ovo bursectomy in turkey embryos for the lowest mortality rate. Factors such as the ease of operation, hatchability, and least deaths were considered. Surgical bursectomies at 25, 24, 23, and 22 day embryonation resulted in 75, 20, 0, and 10% hatchability, respectively. The surgical procedure performed at 25-day embryonation resulted in superior hatchability and ease of operation, and it was less traumatic as evidenced by fewer deaths. The hatchability of embryos injected with testosterone (TE) at 15 days incubation was 55%. Birds subjected to surgery or chemical treatment had increased mortality rates. Cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment at 1 and 2 days posthatch caused a significant increase in deaths over groups not treated with CY. Both primary and secondary KLH responses were significantly lower in bursectomized and TE-injected groups, than in shamoperated or nonoperated control groups.

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Immunological responses following early embryonic surgical bursectomy

Cited by 63 publications

References 7 publications

The avian Harderian gland: Morphology and immunology

The avian Harderian gland: Morphology and immunology

Immunoglobulin knockout chickens via efficient homologous recombination in primordial germ cells

Effect of Surgical and Chemical In Ovo Bursectomy on Hatchability, Mortality Rate, and Antibody Response in Hypertensive and Hypotensive Lines of Turkeys

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