Immunological studies of the basis for the apathogenicity of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys.

Norley, Stephen; Kraus, Günter; Ennen, J.; Bonilla, J. Alfredo; König, Herbert; Kurth, Reinhard

doi:10.1073/pnas.87.22.9067

Cited by 65 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…However, many characteristics of the immune responses in natural SIVagm infection are considerably different from those observed in asymptomatic HIV infection (10,39). Naturally infected AGM frequently lack a Gag-specific antibody response (3,37); such reduced Gagspecific antibody responses are never observed in the asymptomatic phase of HIV infection but are associated with advanced disease progression and development of AIDS. In addition, although moderate levels of envelope-specific antibody are observed, this antibody does not appear to neutralize their own SIV isolates (37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Naturally infected AGM frequently lack a Gag-specific antibody response (3,37); such reduced Gagspecific antibody responses are never observed in the asymptomatic phase of HIV infection but are associated with advanced disease progression and development of AIDS. In addition, although moderate levels of envelope-specific antibody are observed, this antibody does not appear to neutralize their own SIV isolates (37). SIV-infected AGM also maintain normal lymphoid morphology (8).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to the species-specific virulence of SIVsm in sooty mangabeys and macaques, AGM infected with SIVagm remain asymptomatic (3,7,8,13,19,20,21,34,35,37) whereas experimental transmission of virus to pigtailed (PT) macaques (Macaca nemestrina) can result in an AIDS-like syndrome (20). As confirmation that this virus has not changed in pathogenesis by passage in macaques, experimental infection of SIV-seronegative AGM with this pathogenic isolate does not result in disease (20).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SIV-infected African monkeys such as sooty mangabeys infected with SIVsm or AGM infected with SIVagm exhibit no evidence of immunodeficiency (3,7,8,13,16,20,21,34,36,37,42). However, experimental infection of Asian species of monkeys (Macaca sp.)…”

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confidence: 99%

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Wide Range of Viral Load in Healthy African Green Monkeys Naturally Infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

Goldstein

Ourmanov

Brown

et al. 2000

J Virol

123

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The distribution and levels of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in tissues and plasma were assessed in naturally infected African green monkeys (AGM) of the vervet subspecies (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) by limitingdilution coculture, quantitative PCR for viral DNA and RNA, and in situ hybridization for SIV expression in tissues. A wide range of SIV RNA levels in plasma was observed among these animals (<1,000 to 800,000 copies per ml), and the levels appeared to be stable over long periods of time. The relative numbers of SIV-expressing cells in tissues of two monkeys correlated with the extent of plasma viremia. SIV expression was observed in lymphoid tissues and was not associated with immunopathology. Virus-expressing cells were observed in the lamina propria and lymphoid tissue of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as within alveolar macrophages in the lung tissue of one AGM. The range of plasma viremia in naturally infected AGM was greater than that reported in naturally infected sooty mangabeys. However, the degree of viremia in some AGM was similar to that observed during progression to AIDS in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Therefore, containment of viremia is an unlikely explanation for the lack of pathogenicity of SIVagm in its natural host species, AGM. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a member of a large family of nonhuman primate lentiviruses which have been designated simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). At the present time, SIVs from at least seven African monkey species have been identified and molecularly characterized. The genetic relationships among five of these SIV strains isolated from sooty mangabey monkeys (Cercocebus atys; SIVsm), mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx; SIVmnd), Sykes monkeys (Cercopithecus albogularis mitis; SIVsyk), African green monkeys, (AGM; Chlorocebus spp.; SIVagm), and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes; SIVcpz) have been reviewed previously (23,25,44). Briefly, SIV isolates segregate phylogenetically, based upon their species of origin, into at least five lineages represented by SIVsm, SIVagm, SIVsyk, SIVlhoest (9,26), and SIVcpz with a number of additional novel strains from other primates recently characterized (12,18). The SIVagm lineage consists of four distinct subtypes that cluster depending upon the species of AGM from which they were isolated, i.e

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wide Range of Viral Load in Healthy African Green Monkeys Naturally Infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

Goldstein

Ourmanov

Brown

et al. 2000

J Virol

123

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“…In contrast to the situation in HIV-1-infected individuals, major SIVagm variants could not be identified, even after long-term natural infection. In the absence of neutralizing antibodies (30), continuous selection during the in vivo replication of SIVagm may be due to cellular immune surveillance or yet unidentified effective intracellular suppression of SIVagm replication.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of vivo of genetic variability of simian immunodeficiency virus.

Baier

Dittmar²,

Cichutek³

et al. 1991

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Rapid development of genetic variability may contribute to the pathogenicity of lentiviruses as it may allow escape from immune surveillance and/or from suppression of virus replication. Although apathogenic in African green monkeys, simian immunodeffciency virus isolated from African green monkeys is shown to display extensive genetic variability and defectiveness in the V1-and V2-like variable domains of the external envelope protein comparable to that known for human immunodeficiency virus. However, in contrast to the situation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals, a predominant major virus variant was detected neither in a monkey naturally infected for more than 10 years nor in two monkeys infected with a molecular virus clone for 15-20 months. Extensive variability evolves from a single genotype with a maximal rate of 7.7 mutations per 1000 nucleotides per year. A remarkable selection for nonsynonymous mutations that accounts for 92% of all changes indicates continuous selection of variants.

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Lentiviruses in Their Natural Hosts

Voevodin¹,

Marx

2009

Simian Virology

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Immunological studies of the basis for the apathogenicity of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys.

Abstract: Potential reasons for the lack of pathogenicity of the simian immunodeficiency virus SIVaUI in its natural

Cited by 65 publications

References 20 publications

Wide Range of Viral Load in Healthy African Green Monkeys Naturally Infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

Wide Range of Viral Load in Healthy African Green Monkeys Naturally Infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

Development of vivo of genetic variability of simian immunodeficiency virus.

Lentiviruses in Their Natural Hosts

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