Immunologically active polysaccharides of Echinacea purpurea cell cultures

Wagner, H; Stuppner, Hermann; Schäfer, Wolfram; Zenk, Meinhart H.

doi:10.1016/0031-9422(88)80601-0

Cited by 151 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…More recently a premise was raised that insolubility of β-glucan in alkalies is driven only by the extent of binding to chitin (Brown et al, 1993). cal activity (Rees and Scott, 1971;Wagner et al, 1988;Adachi et al, 1989;Jamas et al, 1991;Kraus and Franz, 1992). In native β-glucans, their fibrils are composed from organized parts in which the main chain is coiled to triple helix.…”

Section: Particular ("Insoluble") β-Glucansmentioning

confidence: 99%

β-Glucans, History, and the Present: Immunomodulatory Aspects and Mechanisms of Action

Novák

Větvička²

2008

Journal of Immunotoxicology

296

219

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The present paper represents a comprehensive up-to-date review of β-glucans, their chemical and biological properties, and their role in immunological reactions. β-D-Glucans belong to a group of physiologically active compounds called biological response modifiers and represent highly conserved structural components of cell walls in yeast, fungi, or seaweed. Despite almost 150 years of research, the exact mechanisms of their action remain unclear. The present review starts with the history of glucans. Next, attention is focused on sources and structure, comparing the effects of physicochemical properties, and sources on biological effects. As glucans belong to natural products useful in preventing various diseases, they have been highly sought after throughout human history. Based on extensive recent research, this paper explains the various mechanisms of effects and the ways glucans mediate their effects on defense reactions against infections. Despite the fact that predominately pharmacological effects of glucans are positive, their unfavorable and potentially toxic side effects were not overlooked. In addition, attention was focused on the future research, possible alternatives such as synthetic oligosaccharides, and on clinical applications.

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Section: Particular ("Insoluble") β-Glucansmentioning

confidence: 99%

β-Glucans, History, and the Present: Immunomodulatory Aspects and Mechanisms of Action

Novák

Větvička²

2008

Journal of Immunotoxicology

296

219

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“…(Compositae) is a perennial herb native to North America. It is widely used in western countries and is a widely recognized immune enhancing herb, with anti-inflammatory, antivirus, and antitumor activity [1][2][3][4]. Its main active constituents are caffeic acid derivatives, alkylamide and polysaccharides [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Synthesis and Storage Sites of Phenolic Compounds in the Root and Rhizome of <i>Echinacea purpurea</i>

Li¹,

Tang²,

Liang³

et al. 2012

AJPS

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Cichoric acid is the main phenolic compound in the root and rhizome of the medicinal part, Echinacea purpurea that is known for possessing immune enhancing characteristics. In this study, we analysis the the synthesis and storage sites of phenolic compound in E. purpurea. We used fluorescent microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, cytochemical and immunocytochemical localization to observe the distribution of phenolic compounds. Our results show that the phenolic compounds were mostly distributed in the cortex parenchyma cells, vascular parenchyma cells and pith parenchyma cells in the root and rhizome, and mainly present in the vacuoles, large intercellular spaces and their surrounding cell walls. No phenolic compounds were observed in the cytoplasm and the organelles. We concluded that the phenolic compounds were synthetized in the cortex parenchyma cells, vascular parenchyma cells and pith parenchyma cells in the root and rhizome, and stored in the vacuoles of parenchyma cells. The above results provided significantly cytological information for further approaching the metabolic regulation and transfer pathways of phenolic compounds in biochemistry and molecular biology.

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“…Used as general tonics in alternative human medicine, their reported disease prophylactic and therapeutic effects have been attributed to antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-tumor, endocrine-stimulating and immunemodulating activities (Horrobin and Lapinskas 1998). It has been suggested that many nutraceuticals act as immunomodulators when administered in low doses and as potent cytotoxic agents in the treatment of cancer, bacterial, or viral diseases if used at relatively high concentrations (Wagner et al 1988;Wagner 1993). Close (2000) reports that their inclusion in the diet has been shown to stimulate appetite by improving palatability.…”

Section: Nutraceuticalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in pork production: Risks and alternatives

Adjiri-Awere¹,

Lunen²

2005

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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The purpose of this review is to discuss the issue of subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in pork production and possible alternatives. Specifically, the review describes the potential problem of antibiotic resistance and reviews disease prevention and immune potentiation strategies as alternatives to subtherapeutic antibiotics. In recent years, the use of in-feed subtherapeutic antibiotics by the pork industry for growth promotion and disease prophylaxis has come under increased scrutiny. The potential risk of bacteria acquiring resistance to specific antibiotics and the detrimental effects that this may have on human health has resulted in the banning of certain antibiotics in some European countries. Despite the current interest in the reduction or elimination of subtherapeutic antibiotic use in livestock production, there may be a risk that such a reduction or elimination would have negative effects on animal welfare, nutrient utilization, manure production and economic sustainability. A number of alternatives to subtherapeutic antibiotics appear promising; however, more research is required before they can be considered viable commercial products. Consequently, a systems approach involving nutrition, bacteriology, immunology, pathology and herd management is needed to find a cost-effective and practical way to maximize the efficient production of high-quality pork without the use of subtherapeutic antibiotics. Key words: Pig, pork production, subtherapeutic antibiotics, alternatives

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Immunologically active polysaccharides of Echinacea purpurea cell cultures

Cited by 151 publications

References 19 publications

β-Glucans, History, and the Present: Immunomodulatory Aspects and Mechanisms of Action

β-Glucans, History, and the Present: Immunomodulatory Aspects and Mechanisms of Action

The Synthesis and Storage Sites of Phenolic Compounds in the Root and Rhizome of <i>Echinacea purpurea</i>

Subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in pork production: Risks and alternatives

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Immunologically active polysaccharides of Echinacea purpurea cell cultures

Cited by 151 publications

References 19 publications

β-Glucans, History, and the Present: Immunomodulatory Aspects and Mechanisms of Action

β-Glucans, History, and the Present: Immunomodulatory Aspects and Mechanisms of Action

The Synthesis and Storage Sites of Phenolic Compounds in the Root and Rhizome of &lt;i&gt;Echinacea purpurea&lt;/i&gt;

Subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in pork production: Risks and alternatives

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The Synthesis and Storage Sites of Phenolic Compounds in the Root and Rhizome of <i>Echinacea purpurea</i>