Immunology

King, Donald P.; Aldridge, Brian; Kennedy‐Stoskopf, Suzanne; Stott, Jeffrey L

doi:10.1201/9781420041637.ch12

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Nevertheless, it’s possible that these data, despite the significant differences, are not clinically relevant. In literature, reference ranges for TP and serum protein fractions are available for free ranging bottlenose dolphins [ 17 , 18 ]: compared to our results obtained with both methods, in free-ranging dolphins TP seemed higher and albumin absolute values lower, suggesting a higher concentration of globulins in these animals, thus a tendency to an inflammatory status, as already suggested [ 15 ]. All these data highlight the need to define appropriate reference ranges for different electrophoretic methods for bottlenose dolphins under human care.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Serum protein electrophoresis is the most reliable method to determine the distribution of serum protein fractions and is considered, together with a basic hematological and biochemical profile, an essential step to evaluate the health status of animals, providing clinically useful information. The interpretation of kinetics of total proteins and albumin and globulin fractions is receiving increased attention also in marine mammals in which, as in terrestrial mammals, a typical pathologic pattern could be identified in several diseases, such as inflammatory diseases [ 15 ]. Nowadays, in many veterinary laboratories, CZE has replaced classical agarose gel electrophoresis, due to its higher resolution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of hereditary bisalbuminemia in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821): comparison between capillary zone and agarose gel electrophoresis

et al. 2016

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BackgroundHereditary bisalbuminemia is a relatively rare anomaly characterized by the occurrence of two albumin fractions on serum protein separation by electrophoresis. In human medicine, it is usually revealed by chance, is not been clearly associated with a specific disease and the causative genetic alteration is a point mutation of human serum albumin gene inherited in an autosomal codominant pattern. This type of alteration is well recognizable by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), whilst agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) not always produces a clear separation of albumin fractions. The aims of this study is to report the presence of this abnormality in two separate groups of related bottlenose dolphins and to compare the results obtained with capillary zone and agarose gel electrophoresis.ResultsSerum samples from 40 bottlenose dolphins kept under human care were analyzed. In 9 samples a double albumin peak was evident in CZE electrophoresis while no double peak was noted in AGE profile. Since only an apparently wider albumin peaks were noted in some AGE electrophoretic profiles, the ratio between base and height (b/h) of the albumin peak was calculated and each point-value recorded in the whole set of data was used to calculate a receiver operating characteristic curve: when the b/h ratio of albumin peak was equal or higher than 0.25, the sensitivity and specificity of AGE to detect bisalbuminemic samples were 87 and 63 %, respectively. The bisalbuminemic dolphins belong to two distinct families: in the first family, all the siblings derived from the same normal sire were bisalbuminemic, whereas in the second family bisalbuminemia was present in a sire and in two out of three siblings.ConclusionsWe report for the first time the presence of hereditary bisalbuminemia in two groups of related bottlenose dolphins identified by means of CZE and we confirm that AGE could fail in the identification of this alteration.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of hereditary bisalbuminemia in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821): comparison between capillary zone and agarose gel electrophoresis

et al. 2016

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“…Cetacean species share key immunologic components with those previously defined in lab animals and humans 7 . Recent years have seen increased attention being given to cetacean immunology due to the important value of the animals under human care and the significant susceptibility to environmental degradation in free-ranging species serving as sentinels of ecosystem health 8 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 78%

Selection of suitable reference genes for normalization of quantitative RT-PCR in peripheral blood samples of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

Chen

Chou

et al. 2015

Sci Rep

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Quantitative RT-PCR is often used as a research tool directed at gene transcription. Selection of optimal housekeeping genes (HKGs) as reference genes is critical to establishing sensitive and reproducible qRT-PCR-based assays. The current study was designed to identify the appropriate reference genes in blood leukocytes of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) for gene transcription research. Seventy-five blood samples collected from 7 bottlenose dolphins were used to analyze 15 candidate HKGs (ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, LDHB, PGK1, RPL4, RPL8, RPL18, RPS9, RPS18, TFRC, YWHAZ, LDHA, SDHA). HKG stability in qRT-PCR was determined using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and comparative delta Ct algorithms. Utilization of RefFinder, which combined all 4 algorithms, suggested that PGK1, HPRT1 and RPL4 were the most stable HKGs in bottlenose dolphin blood. Gene transcription perturbations in blood can serve as an indication of health status in cetaceans as it occurs prior to alterations in hematology and chemistry. This study identified HKGs that could be used in gene transcript studies, which may contribute to further mRNA relative quantification research in the peripheral blood leukocytes in captive cetaceans.

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“…Moreover, changes in WBC occur after several hours after inflammatory stimuli. Thus, efforts were directed to identify inflammation at earlier stage (40). To examine the humoral response, species-specific antibodies against IgG were produced and used to evaluate serum IgG levels in killer whale by radial immunodiffusion assay (41) and by competitive ELISA in bottlenose dolphins (42, 43).…”

Section: Acute Phase Reaction and Acute Phase Protein In Marine Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serum protein electrophoresis is also broadly applied in veterinary medicine and it has the advantage to produce an accurate measurement of albumin and the visualization of globulin fractions (44). The interpretation of total proteins values and electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins is receiving increased attention also in marine mammals in which a typical pathologic pattern could be identified in inflammatory diseases (40). Reference intervals for these markers are available for free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (45) and, compared to these, recently data on managed dolphins showed slightly lower values of TP, α-globulins, and γ-globulins and higher albumin and albumin/globulins ratio (46).…”

Section: Acute Phase Reaction and Acute Phase Protein In Marine Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Phase Proteins in Marine Mammals: State of Art, Perspectives and Challenges

Gelain

Bonsembiante

2019

Front. Immunol.

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The term “acute phase response” (APR) is referred to a nonspecific and complex reaction of an organism that occurs shortly after any tissue damage, such as infection, trauma, neoplasia, inflammation, and stress. The APR can be identified and monitored with some laboratory tests, such as the concentration of several plasma proteins, the acute phase proteins (APPs). The APPs are components of the non-specific innate immune response, and their plasma concentration is proportional to the severity and/or the extent of tissue damage. The evaluation of health status of marine mammals is difficult because the classical clinical signs of illness used for human and domestic animals are difficult to recognize and understand. For this reason, in the past years, several efforts were done to identify laboratory markers of disease in these animals. The APPs have demonstrated their role as early markers of inflammation in veterinary medicine, thus several APPs were tested in marine mammals, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid-A (SAA), and Haptoglobin (Hp). However, the difficulty to extrapolate the knowledge about APPs in one species to another, the lack of specie-specific reagents, the absence of data about negative APPs have hampered their extent use in marine mammals. Herein, the state of art of APPs in marine mammals is reviewed, with particular attention to pre-analytical and analytical factors that should be taken into account in validation and interpretation of APPs assays. Moreover, the current application, potential utility and the future developments of APPs in marine mammals is highlighted and discussed.

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Immunology

Cited by 9 publications

References 62 publications

Detection of hereditary bisalbuminemia in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821): comparison between capillary zone and agarose gel electrophoresis

Detection of hereditary bisalbuminemia in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821): comparison between capillary zone and agarose gel electrophoresis

Selection of suitable reference genes for normalization of quantitative RT-PCR in peripheral blood samples of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

Acute Phase Proteins in Marine Mammals: State of Art, Perspectives and Challenges

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