Immunology of carbohydrate-based vaccines

Khatun, Farjana; Tóth, István; Stephenson, Rachel J.

doi:10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.006

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Over the past several years, carrier protein-based carbohydrate vaccines have achieved great success. , However, the carrier protein-based vaccines have some drawbacks. The most obvious problem is the significantly suppressed immune response against carbohydrate antigen moieties induced by the strong immunities against the carrier proteins, leading to poor vaccine efficacy .…”

Section: Immunologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbohydrate-Based Macromolecular Biomaterials

et al. 2021

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Carbohydrates are the most abundant and one of the most important biomacromolecules in Nature. Except for energy-related compounds, carbohydrates can be roughly divided into two categories: Carbohydrates as matter and carbohydrates as information. As matter, carbohydrates are abundantly present in the extracellular matrix of animals and cell walls of various plants, bacteria, fungi, etc., serving as scaffolds. Some commonly found polysaccharides are featured as biocompatible materials with controllable rigidity and functionality, forming polymeric biomaterials which are widely used in drug delivery, tissue engineering, etc. As information, carbohydrates are usually referred to the glycans from glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans, which bind to proteins or other carbohydrates, thereby meditating the cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions. These glycans could be simplified as synthetic glycopolymers, glycolipids, and glycoproteins, which could be afforded through polymerization, multistep synthesis, or a semisynthetic strategy. The information role of carbohydrates can be demonstrated not only as targeting reagents but also as immune antigens and adjuvants. The latter are also included in this review as they are always in a macromolecular formulation. In this review, we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of carbohydrate-based macromolecular biomaterials since 2010 while emphasizing the fundamental understanding to guide the rational design of biomaterials. Carbohydrate-based macromolecules on the basis of their resources and chemical structures will be discussed, including naturally occurring polysaccharides, naturally derived synthetic polysaccharides, glycopolymers/glycodendrimers, supramolecular glycopolymers, and synthetic glycolipids/glycoproteins. Multiscale structure–function relationships in several major application areas, including delivery systems, tissue engineering, and immunology, will be detailed. We hope this review will provide valuable information for the development of carbohydrate-based macromolecular biomaterials and build a bridge between the carbohydrates as matter and the carbohydrates as information to promote new biomaterial design in the near future.

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Section: Immunologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbohydrate-Based Macromolecular Biomaterials

et al. 2021

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“… 41 While this discussion will focus primarily on carbohydrates, glycolipids, and their derivatives as adjuvants, carbohydrates can also be employed as an antigen to invoke potent B cell-mediated immunity; excellent reviews on carbohydrate antigen vaccines can be found elsewhere. 41 , 42 …”

Section: Biologically Derived Polymers With Innate Immunostimulatory ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunostimulatory Polymers as Adjuvants, Immunotherapies, and Delivery Systems

et al. 2022

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Activating innate immunity in a controlled manner is necessary for the development of next-generation therapeutics. Adjuvants, or molecules that modulate the immune response, are critical components of vaccines and immunotherapies. While small molecules and biologics dominate the adjuvant market, emerging evidence supports the use of immunostimulatory polymers in therapeutics. Such polymers can stabilize and deliver cargo while stimulating the immune system by functioning as pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists. At the same time, in designing polymers that engage the immune system, it is important to consider any unintended initiation of an immune response that results in adverse immune-related events. Here, we highlight biologically derived and synthetic polymer scaffolds, as well as polymer–adjuvant systems and stimuli-responsive polymers loaded with adjuvants, that can invoke an immune response. We present synthetic considerations for the design of such immunostimulatory polymers, outline methods to target their delivery, and discuss their application in therapeutics. Finally, we conclude with our opinions on the design of next-generation immunostimulatory polymers, new applications of immunostimulatory polymers, and the development of improved preclinical immunocompatibility tests for new polymers.

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“…It is well known that carbohydrates alone are poor antigens and induce only T helper‐independent immune responses [61] . A common strategy for addressing this problem is to covalently conjugate carbohydrate antigens with immunogenic carrier proteins to form glycoconjugate vaccines.…”

Section: Lancefield Group a Carbohydrate Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing an Effective Glycan‐Based Vaccine for Streptococcus Pyogenes

2022

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Streptococcus pyogenes is a primary infective agent that causes approximately 700 million human infections each year, resulting in more than 500 000 deaths. Carbohydrate‐based vaccines are proven to be one of the most promising subunit vaccine candidates, as the bacterial glycan pattern(s) are different from mammalian cells and show increased pathogen serotype conservancy than the protein components. In this Review we highlight reverse vaccinology for use in the development of subunit vaccines against S. pyogenes, and report reproducible methods of carbohydrate antigen production, in addition to the structure–immunogenicity correlation between group A carbohydrate epitopes and alternative vaccine antigen carrier systems. We also report recent advances used to overcome hurdles in carbohydrate‐based vaccine development.

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Immunology of carbohydrate-based vaccines

Cited by 26 publications

References 51 publications

Carbohydrate-Based Macromolecular Biomaterials

Carbohydrate-Based Macromolecular Biomaterials

Immunostimulatory Polymers as Adjuvants, Immunotherapies, and Delivery Systems

Developing an Effective Glycan‐Based Vaccine for Streptococcus Pyogenes

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