Immunology ofMycobacterium tuberculosisInfections

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious global public health challenge that results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. TB is caused by infection with the bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M. tuberculosis ), which has evolved a wide variety of strategies in order to thrive within its host. Understanding the complex interactions between M. tuberculosis and host immunity can inform the rational design of better TB vaccines and therapeutics. This chapter covers innate and adaptive immunity against M. tuberculosis infection, including insights on bacterial immune evasion and subversion garnered from animal models of infection and human studies. In addition, this chapter discusses the immunology of the TB granuloma, TB diagnostics, and TB comorbidities. Finally, this chapter provides a broad overview of the current TB vaccine pipeline.

Bacterial Etiology of Sputum from Tuberculosis Suspected Patients and Antibiogram of the Isolates

“…Tuberculosis infection was signi cantly associated with bacterial co-infection (p< 0.05). As immunity decreases during active TB, bacteria attack the immune-compromised person more easily as compared to healthier person [24]. In the current study, only 5 (3.33%) people were HIV-infected patients and no any association was observed between having HIV with bacterial incidence (p>0.05).…”

Human Alveolar and Splenic Macrophage Populations Display a Distinct Transcriptomic Response to Infection With Mycobacterium tuberculosis

“…Validation and confirmation of the microarray results were performed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The IL1B, TNFA, TNFAIP6, and IL8 genes were upregulated in AMCTs, AMTBs, and SMs in response to infection with both clinical isolates UT127 and UT205 in the microarray analysis and are important genes in the response of human macrophages to infection with Mtb (38). In this particular case, samples from three individuals from each group of macrophages (AMTBs, AMCTs, and SMs) were evaluated, including RNAs in duplicate of the three experimental settings for each group (NI, samples infected with Mtb UT127, and samples infected with Mtb UT205), which were previously analyzed in microarray experiments.…”

Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Triggered by Interferon Beta-1b Therapy of Multiple Sclerosis: Four Case Reports and a Literature Review

“…However, defense against TB requires a complex range of innate (early response) and adaptive immune mechanisms involving a variety of immune cells and cytokines. In active TB, severity correlates with the circulating IFN-gamma levels, which play a special role in the activation of myeloid cells and in the inhibition of bacterial replication Tzelepis [13]. There are no data regarding a possible link between IFNβ-1b treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis and active tuberculosis.…”