Immunology of Norovirus Infection

León, Juan S.; Souza, Menira; Wang, Qiuhong; Smith, Emily; Saif, Linda J.; Moe, Christine L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8412-6_9

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 179 publications

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“…Finally, the antigenic variation noted here is likely being driven by protective herd immunity. Contrary to early norovirus studies (35), these data continue to support the argument that norovirus infection does illicit protective immune responses in many individuals, making an effective multivalent vaccine design possible (40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Norovirus GII.4 Strain Antigenic Variation

Lindesmith

Donaldson

Baric

2011

J Virol

151

165

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Norovirus GII.4 Strain Antigenic Variation

Lindesmith

Donaldson

Baric

2011

J Virol

151

165

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“…In general, norovirus-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) A antibodies in serum and saliva increase steeply within several days after infection and then start to decline within two weeks; while IgG responses typically peak between two and three weeks post-infection, and then gradually decline (Erdman et al, 1989; Monroe et al, 1993; Lindesmith et al, 2003 and 2005; Leon et al, 2008). Previous studies defined immunoconversion as at least a four-fold increase in norovirus-specific antibody response (Monroe et al, 1993; Moe et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of salivary antibody immunoassays for the detection of incident infections with Norwalk virus in a group of volunteers

Griffin

Converse

León

et al. 2015

Journal of Immunological Methods

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Norovirus infection is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in developed countries. Developing an assay based on a non-invasive biomarker for detecting incident norovirus infections could improve disease surveillance and epidemiological investigations. This project involved analysis of IgA and IgG norovirus-specific antibody responses in saliva samples from a Norwalk virus (Genogroup I, genotype 1 norovirus) challenge study involving infected and symptomatic, and non-infected asymptomatic individuals. Saliva was collected at the challenge, and two weeks and 40 days post-challenge. Samples were analyzed using the Luminex fluorometric and Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. Recombinant P domains of Norwalk virus capsid protein, as well as similar recombinant proteins of two genogroup II noroviruses (VA387 and VA207) were used as antigens. Immunoconversions were defined as >4-fold increase in antibody responses to the norovirus antigens. Various sample pre-treatment options, buffers, saliva dilution ratios, and data adjustment approaches to control for sample-to-sample variability in saliva composition were compared using the Luminex assay. The results suggest that adjusting responses to the norovirus antigens for responses to the protein purification tag, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), significantly improved the odds of producing a correct immunoconversion test result. IgG-based tests were more accurate compared to IgA-based tests. At optimal conditions, both Luminex and MSD assays for Norwalk-specific IgG antibodies correctly identified all infected and non-infected individuals. There was no evidence of cross-reactivity of anti-Norwalk virus antibodies with genogroup II noroviruses. These results suggest that salivary antibody responses can be used for the detection of incident infections with Norwalk virus in prospective surveys.

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“…NoV are responsible for 18% of gastroenteritis worldwide . Despite this broad impact, human NoV immunology is poorly understood , in part because until recently there was no small animal model or reliable cell culture system for human NoV . Furthermore, there are few prospective experimental studies on the acute human innate and cellular immune response to NoV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…secretor blood group antigens) are relatively well characterized, but many aspects of protective innate and cellular immunity have not been described . Histological studies and in‐vitro tests of peripheral blood mononuclear cells suggest cytotoxic and CD8 + T cell activation with some cells sensitized to NoV challenge antigens, but little work has been conducted in vivo to describe the cytokine response to NoV infection. In particular, there is a gap in understanding the acute immune response to NoV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human norovirus infection and the acute serum cytokine response

Newman

Moe

Kirby

et al. 2015

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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Summary Noroviruses (NoV) are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. The acute immune response to NoV in humans is poorly understood, hindering research on prevention and treatment. To elucidate the acute immune response and test for cytokine predictors of susceptibility to infection, serum samples from two human NoV challenge studies were tested for 16 cytokines. Subjects who became infected (n = 26) were age‐matched with subjects who remained uninfected following NoV challenge (n = 26). Samples were tested from prechallenge and days 1‐4 post‐challenge. Cytokine responses were compared between infected and uninfected groups. Overall, infected individuals exhibited an elevation in T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines, as well as chemokines interleukin (IL)‐8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP‐1), compared to uninfected individuals (all P < 0·05). Most cytokines peaked on day 2 post‐challenge in infected subjects, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, IL‐8, and IL‐10 remained elevated to day 3. The only cytokine elevated significantly among infected subjects to day 4 post‐challenge was IL‐10 (P = 0·021). Prechallenge cytokine concentrations were not predictive of infection status post‐challenge. There were no significant changes in serum cytokines among NoV‐challenged subjects who remained uninfected. These results suggest that NoV infection elicits a Th1‐type response, with some Th2 activation. Persistent elevation of IL‐10 among infected subjects is consistent with activation of adaptive immune responses, such as B cell expansion, as well as down‐regulation of Th1 cytokines. This study presents the first comprehensive description of the acute cytokine response to GI.1 NoV in humans.

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Immunology of Norovirus Infection

Cited by 12 publications

References 179 publications

Norovirus GII.4 Strain Antigenic Variation

Norovirus GII.4 Strain Antigenic Variation

Application of salivary antibody immunoassays for the detection of incident infections with Norwalk virus in a group of volunteers

Human norovirus infection and the acute serum cytokine response

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