Immunomodulating Activity and Therapeutic Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Tryptophan Post-biotics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abstract

Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC) are grouped as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). The IBD is associated to a multifaceted interplay between immunologic, microbial, genetic, and environmental factors. Nowadays, the gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis has been indicated as a cause in the IBD development, affecting the impaired cross-talk between GM and immune cells. Moreover, recent studies have uncovered a crucial role for bacterial post-biotics (metabolites) in the orchestration of the host immune response, as they could be messengers between the GM and the immune system. In addition, transgenic mouse models showed that SCFAs (Short Chain Fatty Acids) and Tryptophan (Trp) post-biotics play important immunomodulatory effects, regulating both innate and adaptive immune cell generation, their function and trafficking. Here, we present an overview on the main microbial post-biotics and their effects on the gut mucosa with specific emphasis on their relevance for IBD. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of SCFA and Trp post-biotics on IBD through approaches based on the “immunonutrition,” defined as a modulation of the immune system provided by specific interventions that modify dietary nutrients.

Microbiome-derived metabolome as a potential predictor of response to cancer immunotherapy

“…The therapeutic effect of SCFA supplementation is currently under study in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease, where dysbiosis is prominent. 10 To date, administration of SCFA either through oral administration or through the use of enemas has not had consistent clinical results. 10 Integration of metabolomics and gut microbiota profiling is an excellent and obvious target for future use as both a predictive biomarker and as a point for manipulating the host immune response.…”

“…10 To date, administration of SCFA either through oral administration or through the use of enemas has not had consistent clinical results. 10 Integration of metabolomics and gut microbiota profiling is an excellent and obvious target for future use as both a predictive biomarker and as a point for manipulating the host immune response. Host related factors have long been overlooked in favor of tumor-related factors in oncology, which is a significant oversight.…”

“…The therapeutic effect of SCFA supplementation is currently under study in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease, where dysbiosis is prominent. 10 To date, administration of SCFA either through oral administration or through the use of enemas has not had consistent clinical results. 10 …”

“… 10 To date, administration of SCFA either through oral administration or through the use of enemas has not had consistent clinical results. 10 …”

Metabolic Regulation of Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells and Their Role in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the metabolites from gut microbial fermentation of dietary substrates, exert modulating effects on immune cells and provide energy support for intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) (82). "Metabolite-sensing" free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2/GPR43), also known as a receptor for SCFAs, is expressed by colonic ILC3s.…”