Immunomodulation by morphine and marijuana

Yahya, M. Danial; Watson, Ronald R.

doi:10.1016/0024-3205(87)90434-6

Cited by 55 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Marijuana is well known for its immunosuppressive effects [212]. For instance, ∆ 9 -THC has been shown to worsen Legionella, herpes simplex and Listeria infections (rev.…”

Section: The "Immune Endocannabinoid System" In Adaptive and Innate Imentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immune Endocannabinoid System of the Tumor Microenvironment

Kienzl

Kargl

Schicho

2020

IJMS

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Leukocytes are part of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and are critical determinants of tumor progression. Because of the immunoregulatory properties of cannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may have an important role in shaping the TME. Members of the ECS, an entity that consists of cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids and their synthesizing/degrading enzymes, have been associated with both tumor growth and rejection. Immune cells express cannabinoid receptors and produce endocannabinoids, thereby forming an “immune endocannabinoid system”. Although in vitro effects of exogenous cannabinoids on immune cells are well described, the role of the ECS in the TME, and hence in tumor development and immunotherapy, is still elusive. This review/opinion discusses the possibility that the “immune endocannabinoid system” can fundamentally influence tumor progression. The widespread influence of cannabinoids on immune cell functions makes the members of the ECS an interesting target that could support immunotherapy.

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“…Marijuana is well known for its immunosuppressive effects [212]. For instance, ∆ 9 -THC has been shown to worsen Legionella, herpes simplex and Listeria infections (rev.…”

Section: The "Immune Endocannabinoid System" In Adaptive and Innate Imentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immune Endocannabinoid System of the Tumor Microenvironment

Kienzl

Kargl

Schicho

2020

IJMS

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“…Some previous studies have reported effects on the blood including; increases in hemoglobin concentrations, packed cell volume, and red blood cell counts, and these have been attributed to chronic exposure to smoke and carbon monoxide similar to that among tobacco smokers (12). Studies have observed the different effects of cannabinoids on peripheral leukocyte counts, while some studies have showed an increase in eosinophil counts and peripheral blood lymphocytes, others have reported a significant decrease in the same conditions (13-16). These studies suggest that contrary to common belief, chronic cannabis use does have adverse effects on physical health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Profiles of Treatment-Seeking Subjects With Concurrent Dependence on Cannabis and Other Substances: A Comparative Study

Quraishi

Jain

Chatterjee

et al. 2013

Int J High Risk Behav Addict

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Background:Cannabis is one of the most widely used illicit drugs in India and worldwide. It is considered to have a minimal effect on physical health.Objectives:The aim of this study was to compare the laboratory profiles of treatment-seeking patients who were cannabis dependent, and drug users who concurrently use other substances, with non-users.Materials and Methods:Medical records of patients, whose urine was tested for the detection of cannabis within the last year, were considered for the study. The inclusion criteria for the study group were; co-morbid diagnosis of cannabis dependence according to DSM-IV TR criteria, positive urine drug screen for cannabis, and at least one biochemical or hematological examination report during the treatment period. The subjects who underwent all of the above mentioned tests, but who were negative for any psychoactive substance with no past or current history of substance use, were placed in the control group.Results:A total of 51 subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the study group and 30 subjects were considered as controls. There was no significant difference found between the demographic profiles of the subject and control groups. The mean duration of cannabis use in the patients was 9.53 ± 8.06 years. Serum levels of; bilirubin, SGOT (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase), SGPT (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase), total protein, alkaline phosphatase, ESR, and eosinophil counts, were raised in; 13.7%, 15.6%, 33.3%, 17.6%, 37.2%, 75% and 5.8% of subjects, respectively. The relative monocyte count was lower than normal in 92% of cases. Physical complaints were reported in 98% of subjects. The two groups showed significant differences in serum alkaline phosphatase [t (79) = 6.5, P ≤ 0.01], TLC [t (79) = 2.36, P = 0.03] and hemoglobin levels [t (79) = 5.50, P ≤ 0.01].Conclusions:Abnormal laboratory parameters were observed in patients with cannabis dependence. The study emphasizes the need for regular physical examinations and laboratory investigations for cannabis users.

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“…While this manuscript was in preparation, a study was published, describing that THC and exogenous cannabinoids (approved for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea) reduced the effect of anti-PD-1 therapy ( 67 ), reconfirming our own observations. Cannabis is well-known for its immunosuppressive effects ( 68 ), which is also supported by a recent observation that the use of cannabis during treatment with PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab in cancer patients lowered their response rate ( 69 ). With our study, we highlight a possible mechanism for a lower response, which includes CB 2 , CD8 + T and NK cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Cannabinoid receptor 2 plays a pro-tumorigenic role in non-small cell lung cancer by limiting anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T and NK cells

et al. 2023

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Cannabinoid (CB) receptors (CB1 and CB2) are expressed on cancer cells and their expression influences carcinogenesis in various tumor entities. Cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME) also express CB receptors, however, their role in tumor development is still unclear. We, therefore, investigated the role of TME-derived CB1 and CB2 receptors in a model of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Leukocytes in the TME of mouse and human NSCLC express CB receptors, with CB2 showing higher expression than CB1. In the tumor model, using CB1- (CB1-/-) and CB2-knockout (CB2-/-) mice, only deficiency of CB2, but not of CB1, resulted in reduction of tumor burden vs. wild type (WT) littermates. This was accompanied by increased accumulation and tumoricidal activity of CD8+ T and natural killer cells, as well as increased expression of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand on lymphoid and myeloid cells, respectively. CB2-/- mice responded significantly better to anti-PD-1 therapy than WT mice. The treatment further increased infiltration of cytotoxic lymphocytes into the TME of CB2-/- mice. Our findings demonstrate that TME-derived CB2 dictates the immune cell recruitment into tumors and the responsiveness to anti-PD-1 therapy in a model of NSCLC. CB2 could serve as an adjuvant target for immunotherapy.

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Immunomodulation by morphine and marijuana

Cited by 55 publications

References 38 publications

The Immune Endocannabinoid System of the Tumor Microenvironment

The Immune Endocannabinoid System of the Tumor Microenvironment

Laboratory Profiles of Treatment-Seeking Subjects With Concurrent Dependence on Cannabis and Other Substances: A Comparative Study

Cannabinoid receptor 2 plays a pro-tumorigenic role in non-small cell lung cancer by limiting anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T and NK cells

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