Immunomodulation for maxillofacial reconstructive surgery

Abstract

Immunomodulation is a technique for the modulation of immune responses against graft material to improve surgical success rates. The main target cell for the immunomodulation is a macrophage because it is the reaction site of the graft and controls the healing process. Macrophages can be classified into M1 and M2 types. Most immunomodulation techniques focus on the rapid differentiation of M2-type macrophage. An M2 inducer, 4-hexylresorcinol, has been recently identified and is used for bone grafts and dental implant coatings.

4-Hexylresorcinol induced angiogenesis potential in human endothelial cells

“…Angiogenesis is a vital step for uneventful wound healing. The materials inducing M2 macrophage polarization are required for angiogenesis and wound remodeling [27]. 4HR is an agent for M2 macrophage polarization [10].…”

4-Hexylresorcinol Inhibits Class I Histone Deacetylases in Human Umbilical Cord Endothelial Cells

“…Unlike oral cancer cells, 4HR administration reduces the formation of foreign body giant cells in the silk-based graft material [22] and suppresses TNF-α expression in a deep burn [23]. Recently, 4HR has been identified as a potent M2 macrophage polarizing agent [24]. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is increased by 4HR, while decreasing TNF-α expression in RAW263.7 cells [25], and the expression level of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) is increased by 4HR via the TGF-β1 mediated pathway in human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) [26].…”

The Effect of Sericin on Bone Regeneration in a Streptozotocin-Induced Type I Diabetes Animal Model

“…Impaired angiogenesis could be the primary cause of delayed fracture healing. Macrophages are essential cells for angiogenesis [32]. Macrophages orchestrate the healing process by phagocytosis and secretion of numerous kinds of cytokines.…”

“…Macrophages orchestrate the healing process by phagocytosis and secretion of numerous kinds of cytokines. Macrophageoriginated cytokines control wound healing from the inflammatory phase to the remodeling phase [32]. Macrophages can be classified grossly as M1 and M2.…”