Immunomodulation of Avian Dendritic Cells under the Induction of Prebiotics

Abstract

Although the immunomodulatory properties of prebiotics were demonstrated many years ago in poultry, not all mechanisms of action are yet clear. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the main antigen-presenting cells orchestrating the immune response in the chicken gastrointestinal tract, and they are the first line of defense in the immune response. Despite the crucial role of DCs in prebiotic immunomodulatory properties, information is lacking about interaction between prebiotics and DCs in an avian model. Mannan-oligosaccharides, β-glucans, fructooligosaccharides, and chitosan-oligosaccharides are the main groups of prebiotics having immunomodulatory properties. Because pathogen-associated molecular patterns on these prebiotics are recognized by many receptors of DCs, prebiotics can mimic activation of DCs by pathogens. Short-chain fatty acids are products of prebiotic fermentation by microbiota, and their anti-inflammatory properties have also been demonstrated in DCs. This review summarizes current knowledge about avian DCs in the gastrointestinal tract, and for the first-time, their role in the immunomodulatory properties of prebiotics within an avian model.

Coccidiosis: Recent Progress in Host Immunity and Alternatives to Antibiotic Strategies

“…Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) with a unique ability to induce both innate and highly antigen-specific acquired immunity [48] through immune cell proliferation and cytokine production [49]. Because of these abilities, DCs are often called "nature's adjuvants" [50] and are recognized as an important component of any vaccination strategy.…”

Intestinal Population in Host with Metabolic Syndrome during Administration of Chitosan and Its Derivatives

“…The main products of microbial fermentation of carbohydrates are short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and gases [ 22 ]. Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) and the degradation of chitosan also have prebiotic-like effects in vitro [ 113 ] and in vivo [ 114 , 115 ]. Recent research has shown that the absorption of low molecular (low-MW) chitosan oligosaccharides (MWs of 13 kD and 22 kD) is higher than that of chitosan in the intestine, while high-MW chitosan oligosaccharides (230 kD) are non-absorbable in in vitro models [ 86 ].…”

Effect of immunomodulation in turkeys infected with haemorrhagic enteritis virus on the percentage of CD4+ and CD8α+ T lymphocyte subpopulations synthesising IFN-γ

“…The β-glucans and MOS contained in Alphamune G have a high take-up by poultry producers and veterinarians. They are used in feed to increase the effectiveness of vaccinations and prophylactically during periods of increased susceptibility of birds to certain diseases, as well as during treatment and recovery after diseases associated with immunosuppression (14,18,24,41,52,55). Their use reduces the amount of antibiotics administered to birds throughout the production cycle.…”

“…Their use reduces the amount of antibiotics administered to birds throughout the production cycle. Beta-1,3/1,6 glucans stimulate macrophages to produce increased amounts of cytokines and eicosanoids, which trigger the proliferation and activity of CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes and antibody synthesis ( 1 , 13 , 54 , 55 ). It has been demonstrated that MOS clearly modulate immune processes at the level of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, which may confer significant health benefits ( 24 , 51 ).…”

“…All host immune mechanisms, both specific and non-specific, are affected by β-1,3/1,6 glucans, and their stimulation of cells to intensify cellular production of interleukins indicates their indirect antiviral, antibacterial and even antioncogenic activity ( 11 , 13 , 19 , 47 ). Mannan oligosaccharides are prebiotic substances composed of D-mannose molecules and, like β-glucans, they exhibit immunomodulatory properties ( 55 ).…”