Immunomodulation of human macrophages and myeloid cells by 2-substituted (1–3)-β-d-glucan from P. parvulus 2.6

In Situ β-Glucan Fortification of Cereal-Based Matrices by Pediococcus parvulus 2.6: Technological Aspects and Prebiotic Potential

“…The concentration of the microbial β-glucan was constant in the food products throughout 5 days of incubation with L. plantarum WCFS1, indicating that EPS could play a role in increasing the tolerance to the food abiotic stress, rather than being metabolised as an energy source [ 50 ], although we cannot rule out that the growth of the probiotic bacteria was not correlated with the presence of the EPS. Nevertheless, the lack of catabolism of the O 2-substituted (1,3)-β- d -glucan in the presence of L. plantarum WCFS1 could be advantageous for the development of a functional symbiotic food fermented with P. parvulus 2.6 and supplemented with a probiotic, since previous results indicate that the pediococcal EPS, in addition to be a prebiotic, could have an anti-inflammatory as well as hypocholesteronemic effect [ 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”

“…Therefore, the in situ bio-fortification of fermented cereal represents a promising strategy to vehicle this microbial EPS and further efforts should be encouraged to design and to optimise the production of new food products as carriers of these molecules. Although several studies have focused on discovering the beneficial health effects of the O 2-substituted (1,3)-β- d -glucan from P. parvulus 2.6 by using both in vitro and in vivo approaches [ 31 , 33 , 34 , 35 ], it is worth emphasising that different effects were observed in the gut microbiota composition of mice fed with a diet supplemented with purified EPS or live EPS-producing P. parvulus 2.6 [ 35 ]. Therefore, further investigations should be performed to determine in vivo the incidence of a synergistic effect attributable to the simultaneous administration of this microbial β-glucan and probiotic bacterium.…”

“…The presence of this EPS influences some probiotic features of P. parvulus 2.6, including the enhancement of its adhesion to human enterocyte cell lines, and the reduction of the production of inflammation-related cytokines by polarized macrophages [ 29 , 30 ]. The purified β-glucan from P. parvulus 2.6 was also able to induce macrophages’ activation with anti-inflammatory effects [ 31 ], and to stimulate the growth of probiotic LAB and their adhesion to CaCo-2 cells, thus suggesting its employment as a prebiotic and immunomodulator [ 32 ]. Furthermore, the health-promoting effects of the O 2-substituted (1,3)-β- d -glucan from P. parvulus 2.6 have led to encouraging results also when tested in in vivo models.…”

Exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria: from health-promoting benefits to stress tolerance mechanisms

“…Recently, it has been observed that some EPS present immunomodulatory properties, with a potential effect on human health (Fernández de Palencia et al 2009;Liu et al 2011;Hidalgo-Cantabrana et al 2012, 2014Notararigo et al 2014). Remus et al (2012) suggested a shielding role of surface polysaccharides L. plantarum cell envelope; likewise, the exopolysaccharides produced by L. rhamnosus GG may protect by shielding effect against intestinal innate factors, such as the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 (Lebeer et al 2011).…”

Draft Genome Sequence of Pediococcus parvulus 2.6, a Probiotic β-Glucan Producer Strain

“…We have also shown that P. parvulus HoPS improves the growth and viability of probiotic microorganisms, as well as their adhesion to human enterocytes (11). The 2-substituted (1,3)-β- d -glucan increases in vitro the ratio of interleukin 10 (IL10) (anti-inflammatory) to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) (inflammatory) in human macrophages and decreases the levels of the proinflammatory IL8 in human intestine organ cultures (reference 12 and Notararigo S., Antolin M., Guarner F., López P., unpublished data).…”