Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Calder, Philip C.

doi:10.1079/pns19960069

Cited by 138 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 207 publications

(144 reference statements)

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“…2). There have been numerous reviews of the influence of n-3 PUFA on many aspects of immune function in recent years (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27) and the reader is referred to these articles for details beyond those provided in the following sections.…”

Section: Arachidonic Acid Eicosanoids and The Link With Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Session 3: Joint Nutrition Society and Irish Nutrition and Dietetic Institute Symposium on ‘Nutrition and autoimmune disease’ PUFA, inflammatory processes and rheumatoid arthritis

Calder

2008

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease manifested by swollen and painful joints, bone erosion and functional impairment. The joint lesions are characterised by infiltration of T lymphocytes, macrophages and B lymphocytes into the synovium and by synovial inflammation involving eicosanoids, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. In relation to inflammatory processes, the main fatty acids of interest are the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid, which is the precursor of inflammatory eicosanoids such as PGE2 and leukotriene B4, and the n-3 PUFA EPA and DHA, which are found in oily fish and fish oils. Eicosanoids derived from the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid play a role in RA, and the efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in RA indicates the importance of pro-inflammatory cyclooxygenase pathway products of arachidonic acid in the pathophysiology of the disease. EPA and DHA inhibit arachidonic acid metabolism to inflammatory eicosanoids. EPA also gives rise to eicosanoid mediators that are less inflammatory than those produced from arachidonic acid and both EPA and DHA give rise to resolvins that are anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving. In addition to modifying the lipid mediator profile, n-3 PUFA exert effects on other aspects of immunity relevant to RA such as antigen presentation, T-cell reactivity and inflammatory cytokine production. Fish oil has been shown to slow the development of arthritis in an animal model and to reduce disease severity. Randomised clinical trials have demonstrated a range of clinical benefits in patients with RA that include reducing pain, duration of morning stiffness and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

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Section: Arachidonic Acid Eicosanoids and The Link With Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Session 3: Joint Nutrition Society and Irish Nutrition and Dietetic Institute Symposium on ‘Nutrition and autoimmune disease’ PUFA, inflammatory processes and rheumatoid arthritis

Calder

2008

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…Several studies indicate that diets rich in n-3 PUFA are anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive in vivo, although there have been relatively few studies in man. Although some of the effects of n-3 PUFA may be brought about by modulation of the amount and type of eicosanoids made, it is possible that these fatty acids might elicit some of their effects by eicosanoid-independent mechanisms, including actions on intracellular signalling pathways and transcription factor activity (for reviews see Calder, 1996~;Miles & Calder, 1998). Such n-3 PUFA-induced effects may be of use as a therapy for acute and chronic inflammation, for disorders which involve an inappropriately-activated immune response and for the enhancement of graft survival (for reviews, see Calder, 1996cCalder, , 1998.…”

Section: Concluding Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These and other aspects of lipids and immunity have been reviewed a number of times (Gum, 1983;Peck, 1994;Calder, 1995Calder, ,1996aCalder, ,b,c, 1997Calder, ,1998Blok et al 1996;Miles & Calder, 1998); thus, the present review will focus on more recent advances. Similarly, mechanisms by which fatty acids might influence the functions of lymphocytes will not be reviewed in depth; these have been discussed elsewhere (Calder, 1996~;Miles & Calder, 1998).…”

Section: Dietary Fatty Acids and Immune Cell Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary fatty acids and lymphocyte functions

Calder

1998

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…A decrease in IL-2 production accelerates the onset and severity of autoimmune disease by increasing B-cell autoantibody production. In contrast, n-3 fatty acids from marine oils rich in EPA and DHA serve as precursors for PGE3 and LTB5, which decrease platelet aggregation and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-a; Fritsche & Johnston, 1990;Calder, 1995Calder, , 1996.…”

Section: Effect Of N-3 Fatty Acids On the Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%