Immunomodulatory, Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Pharmacokinetic Activity of Ulvan, a Seaweed-Derived Sulfated Polysaccharide: An Updated Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Cancer is one of the most worldwide spread diseases and causes maximum death. Treatment of cancer depends on the host immune system and the type of drugs. The inefficiency of conventional cancer treatments as a result of drug resistance, nontargeted delivery, and chemotherapy-related negative side effects has caused bioactive phytochemicals to come into focus. As a result, recent years have seen an increase in research into screening and identifying natural compounds with anticancer properties. Recent studies on the isolation and use of polysaccharides derived from various marine algal species have revealed a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant and anticancer properties. Ulvan is a polysaccharide derived from various green seaweeds of the Ulva species in the family Ulvaceae. It has been demonstrated to have potent anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties through the modulation of antioxidants. It is vital to understand the mechanisms underlying the biotherapeutic activities of Ulvan in cancer and its role in immunomodulation. In this context, we reviewed the anticancer effects of ulvan based on its apoptotic effects and immunomodulatory activity. Additionally, we also focused on its pharmacokinetic studies in this review. Ulvan is the most conceivable candidate for use as a cancer therapeutic agent and could be used to boost immunity. Moreover, it may be established as an anticancer drug once its mechanisms of action are understood. Due to its high food and nutritive values, it can be used as a possible dietary supplement for cancer patients in the near future. This review may provide fresh perspectives on the potential novel role of ulvan, reveal a brand-new cancer-prevention strategy, and improve human health.

Understanding Macroalgae: A Comprehensive Exploration of Nutraceutical, Pharmaceutical, and Omics Dimensions

“…The properties include antitumor, and antiviral. [87] Phycobiliproteins Natural coloring agents in chewing gums, dairy products and having immunomodulatory effects [88] Ulvan Peptides Important agent for immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anticancer activities [89] Amino acid Mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA) Have photoprotective properties as well as antioxidant, anti-cancer, wound healing, and skin protection applications. [90] Taurine Medical application to improve the heart and brain functions, and neuronal support.…”

Harnessing the power of seaweed: unveiling the potential of marine algae in drug discovery

“…These polysaccharides possess a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anticoagulant, and antitumor properties. They have shown promise in various fields, such as cardiovascular health, cancer prevention, and immune system regulation [41,42].…”

“…The genus Gigartina has been lauded for its fucoidan content, a sulfated polysaccharide that has demonstrated a wide spectrum of beneficial effects. Fucoidan's antitumor potential stems from its ability to interfere with various stages of cancer progression, including inhibiting angiogenesis, inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death), and modulating immune responses [41].…”

“…This immune-boosting capacity can potentially synergize with conventional cancer therapies, resulting in a more robust defense against the disease. Furthermore, fucoidan's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties contribute to its multifunctional role in suppressing tumor progression [41].…”

Phlorotannins: Novel Orally Administrated Bioactive Compounds That Induce Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Cancer

“…These factors have increased the focus on bioactive phytochemicals as potential alternatives for the treatment of cancer. Information provided in the previous section would indicate that phlorotannins have emerged as powerful chemo-preventive and chemo-protective compounds, as they can promote apoptotic cell death both in vitro and in vivo [ 89 ].…”