Immunomodulatory Effect of Ginsenoside Rb2 Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice

Abstract

Ginsenoside Rb2 (Rb2), a fundamental saponin produced and isolated from ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), has a wide range of biological actions. The objective of this investigation was to see if ginsenoside Rb2 has any immunomodulatory properties against cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression. For the positive control group, levamisole hydrochloride (LD) was used. We discovered that intraperitoneal injection of Rb2 (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) could relieve CTX-induced immunosuppression by enhanced immune organ index, reduced the pathological characteristics of immunosuppression, promoted natural killer (NK) cells viability, improved cell-mediated immune response, boosted the IFN-γ (Interferon-gamma), TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor-alpha), IL-2 (Interleukin-2), and IgG (Immunoglobulin G), as well as macrophage activity like carbon clearance and phagocytic index. Rb2 significantly elevated the mRNA expression of IL-4 (Interleukin-4), SYK (Tyrosine-protein kinase-SYK), IL-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 (Interleukin-6) in the spleen of CTX-injected animals. Molecular docking results showed that Rb2 had excellent binding properties with IL-4, SYK, IL-2, TNF, and IL-6, indicating the target protein might be strongly correlated with the immunomodulatory effect of Rb2. Taken together, ginsenoside Rb2 can improve the immune function that is declined in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice, the efficacy maybe due to the regulation of related cytokine and mRNA expression.

Effect of bovine colostrum liposomes on the bioavailability of immunoglobulin G and their immunoregulatory function in immunosuppressed BALB/c mice

“…Consistent with the investigations of other researchers, [32][33][34] Food & Function Paper our current research indicated that CTX could decrease the body weight, spleen weight, and thymus weight in BALB/c mice, which indicated that CTX could cause damage to the immune system in the mice; however, the supplementation of BC encapsulated by liposomes improved these adverse alterations and exhibited a better effect than BC alone (Fig. 3 and 4).…”

Effectiveness and Safety of Chinese Herbal Injections Combined with SOX Chemotherapy Regimens for Advanced Gastric Cancer: a Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis

“…Ginsenosides have effects including enhancing T cell proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis, and indirectly inhibiting the growth of tumor cells 43 . Ginsenosides can improve the immunity of mice, reduce the expression of PD-L1 induced by chemoresistance, and restore the cytotoxicity of T cells toward cancer cells 44 . Aconite alkaloids can achieve anti-tumor effects by reducing the spreading ability of cancer cells.…”

A novel cabazitaxel liposomes modified with ginsenoside Rk1 for cancer targeted therapy

“…Liposomes are mature and efficient drug delivery systems that demonstrates efficient cellular internalization, thereby reducing drug toxicity in vivo [13,14] . Further, ginsenosides are known to have various pharmacological activities, such as antitumor [15,16] , anti-inflammatory [15,17] , and immune regulation effects [18,19] . Additionally, studies have demonstrated that ginsenosides, with a steroid structure similar to that of cholesterol and attached sugar moieties, can replace cholesterol and form liposomes with phospholipids [20] [Supplementary Figure S1, http://links.lww.…”

“…Additionally, these glycosided bind to the glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) protein, which is highly expressed in tumor cells and promotes Rk1/CTX-Lip accumulation in tumor tissues [22] . Furthermore, Rk1 can improve cellular and humoral immunity [18,19] , and synergistically enhance the anti-prostate cancer efficacy of CTX while reducing immunosuppression and hematotoxicity during treatment [23] .…”