Immunomodulatory effects of phytogenics in chickens and pigs — A review

Abstract

Environmental stressors like pathogens and toxins may depress the animal immune system through invasion of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tract, where they may impair performance and production, as well as lead to increased mortality rates. Therefore, protection of the GIT tract and improving animal health are top priorities in animal production. Being natural-sourced materials, phytochemicals are potential feed additives possessing multiple functions, including: anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-viral and antioxidative properties. This paper focuses on immunity-related physiological parameters regulated by phytochemicals, such as carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, and thymol; many studies have proven that these phytochemicals can improve animal performance and production. On the molecular level, the impact of inflammatory gene expression on underlying mechanisms was also examined, as were the effects of environmental stimuli and phytochemicals in initiating nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways and improving health conditions.

Evaluation of the Combined Use of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Aspergillus Oryzae with Phytase Fermentation Products on Growth, Inflammatory, and Intestinal Morphology in Broilers

“…As a pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1ß mediates many pathways involved in apoptosis or inflammation [31]. It is well-known that S. cerevisiae and A. oryzae cell wall are rich in β-glucans [3], which can inhibit IL-1ß production [32] and thereby reduce NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses [33]. Therefore, IL-1ß is positively correlated with NF-κB.…”

“…NF-κB is a main inflammatory factor, which promotes reactive nitrogen species (RNS) content [11]. In normal conditions, NF-κB binds with the inhibitory protein named inhibitor of kappa B (IκB) and has no effect [33]. With stimulants such as heat stress or infection, IκB phosphorylates and releases the NF-κB as a nuclear transcription factor to induce an inflammatory response [33].…”

Antioxidant capacity of banana peel and its modulation of Nrf2-ARE associated gene expression in broiler chickens

“…These are responsible for triggering elements of the cell's defense system, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (Gr), and haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1), to raise the cell's resistance to stress. According to our previous studies, phytochemicals from various plant materials exerted free radical scavenging effects and the ability to upregulate Nrf2 expression to further trigger downstream antioxidant mRNA expression, which had suggested that the plant materials could serve as natural antioxidants to solve the issue of oxidative stress in the poultry industry Lin et al 2017;Huang and Lee 2018).…”

In vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic characterization of LMT-28 as a novel small molecular interleukin-6 inhibitor

“…Activation of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) and signal transducer and activator of transcription factor-3 (STAT3) signaling pathway have been studied and IL-6, a phosphorylated glycoprotein, is a major causative factor which plays an important role in inflammatory disease [6,7]. IL-6 plays an important role in anti-inflammatory and host defense and overexpression of IL-6 due to pathogens, stresses, and aging may lead to the pathogenesis of inflammatory processes, autoimmune response, and cancer [8][9][10]. The therapeutic antibody (Ab) agents which inhibit IL-6 have been developed and showed effective and potential alternatives for inflammatory diseases refractory to conventional drugs.…”