Immunopathological Inflammation in the Evolution of Mucositis and Peri-Implantitis

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to provide an immuno-mediated substantiation of the etiopathogenesis of mucositis and peri-implantitis based on the results of experimental, laboratory and clinical studies. The biopsy material was studied to identify impregnated nanoscale and microscale particles in the structure of pathological tissues by using X-ray microtomography and X-ray fluorescence analyses. Electron microscopy with energy-dispersive analysis identified the composition of supernatants containing nanoscale metal particles obtained from the surfaces of dental implants. The parameters of the nanoscale particles were determined by dynamic light scattering. Flow cytometry was used to study the effect of nanoscale particles on the ability to induce the activation and apoptosis of immunocompetent cells depending on the particles’ concentrations during cultivation with the monocytic cell line THP-1 with the addition of inductors. An analysis of the laboratory results suggested the presence of dose-dependent activation, as well as early and late apoptosis of the immunocompetent cells. Activation and early and late apoptosis of a monocytic cell line when THP-1 was co-cultured with nanoscale metal particles in supernatants were shown for the first time. When human venous blood plasma was added, both activation and early and late apoptosis had a dose-dependent effect and differed from those of the control groups.

Microscopic and elemental analysis of jaw bone tissue in injury

“…The formation of complexes (conglomerates) of nanoparticles and their enlargement to micro-or submicron sizes, with the inability of immunocompetent cells to timely utilization and subsequent migration, can lead to their accumulation and provoke the occurrence of chronic aseptic inflammation. Achievement of CDNanoMP (Critical Dose of NanoMetal Particles) leads to early death of the immune system's own cells [3]. In this case, microbial contamination takes second place as an etiological factor in the occurrence of a breakdown in previously achieved osseointegration, i.e., tissue homeostasis provided by immunotolerance.…”

Cell-Molecular Interactions of Nano- and Microparticles in Dental Implantology

“…Previously published articles [22,25,26] on in vitro experiments demonstrated the ability to increase the oxide layer of dental implants due to nanoscale particles under load, taking part in both physiological and pathological processes in bone tissue. The formation of a chronic immunopathological inflammatory process with an autoimmune component was shown on the basis of the critical supernatant dilution ratio.…”

“…Based on the results of these studies, it can be stated that nanoscale metallic particles can participate in both physiological and pathophysiological reactions of the immune system, i.e., be participants in the mechanisms of osseointegration and disintegration of dental implants. Their accumulation in tissues to critical values, called the "Critical Dose of Nanoscale Metallic Particles" (CDNanoMP), can contribute to the intensification of the inflammatory process in tissues locally, leading to the early death of immune system cells, which, in turn, is a trigger for the accumulation of nanoparticles against the background of chronic inflammation [35].…”

Surface Modification and Functionalities for Titanium Dental Implants

“…The success rate of Ti dental implant surgery can reach over 90%, but there are still about 10% failures . The key that determines the success of Ti implants is the effective osseointegration. − In addition, improving the antibacterial properties of the implant and suppressing peri-implant inflammation are also important factors for the success of the surgery. − Osteogenesis requires osteoblasts to adhere and grow on the surface of the implant. − And the occurrence of inflammation is mostly related to bacterial adsorption and biofilm formation on the surface of implants. − All of the above processes are closely related to the surface conditions of Ti implants. However, during the Ti implant manufacturing process, if the overall material is changed to achieve good surface conditions, the overall performance of the implant may be seriously affected.…”