“…In addition, brain-focused ultrasound was found to downregulate the efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein, in the targeted brain regions (H. Cho et al, 2016 ). Since 2004, when Sheikov and his colleagues demonstrated for the first time that brain-focused ultrasound allowed BBB permeabilization to molecules as large as IgG ( Sheikov, McDannold, Vykhodtseva, Jolesz, & Hynynen, 2004 ), there has been several studies demonstrating the relevance of brain-focused ultrasound to improve the delivery of systematically administered antibody into specific brain areas, particularly in tumours and Alzheimer’s disease ( Dubey et al, 2020 ; Janowicz, Leinenga, Gotz, & Nisbet, 2019 ; Jordao et al, 2010 ; Kinoshita, McDannold, Jolesz, & Hynynen, 2006 ; Kobus, Zervantonakis, Zhang, & McDannold, 2016 ; Leinenga, Bodea, Koh, Nisbet, & Gotz, 2020 ; Liu et al, 2016 ; Park, Zhang, Vykhodtseva, & McDannold, 2012 ; Raymond et al, 2008 ; Sheybani et al, 2021 ). Overall, brain-focused ultrasound seems to be a promising technique to deliver antibody to targeted areas in the CNS, but the secondary effects of this technique on the brain still need to be further assessed ( Todd et al, 2020 ).…”