Immunophenotypic analysis of HIV‐infected children: Alterations within the first year of life, changes with disease progression, and longitudinal analyses of lymphocyte subsets

Abstract

Perinatal infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in tremendous activation

Early Immunological Predictors of Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in HIV‐Infected Children

“…In general, elevated CD8 + HLA-DR + , CD8 + CD38 + , and CD8 + HLA-DR + CD38 + subsets, markers of activated CD8 + cells, are seen in more advanced disease [19][20][21][22]. Moreover, in a recent study of HIV-infected children, we showed that slow immunological progression up to age 8 years was predicted by a CD8 + HLA-DR + T lymphocyte percentage !5% at age 1-2 months [23].…”

Predictors of immunologic long-term nonprogression in HIV-infected children: Implications for initiating therapy

“…38 Subpopulations of CD8 1 lymphocytes, including HLA-DR 1 , CD38 1 , and HLA-DR 1 CD38 1 subsets, have been associated with more advanced disease progression in HIV-infected children. [39][40][41][42][43][44][45] However, in early infancy CD38 expression is found on more than 95% of CD8 1 T cells, and in infants CD38 is a marker of immaturity and of recent thymic emigrants in addition to being a marker of activation. 46,47 CD38 expression is normally lost over time, and percentages of CD8 cells with the CD38 marker reach the adult normal level later in childhood.…”

Association of Selected Phenotypic Markers of Lymphocyte Activation and Differentiation with Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission and Infant Infection

“…In addition, it also has been a challenge to differentiate immunological changes in infants caused by HIV from those due to the normal maturation of the immune system that occurs rapidly over the first few months and years of life. Several studies have provided normal values for lymphocyte subsets in healthy infants and young children, and some also have identified characteristic differences in HIV-infected infants (8,9,19,27,29,31). This study confirms those findings in a much larger number of women and infants than studied previously, and reports a new correlate of motherto-child transmission.…”