Immunoreactive POMC‐Derived Peptides and Cytokines in the Chicken Thymus and Bursa of Fabricius Microenvironments: Age‐Related Changes

Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00385.x

Cited by 35 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…In bone marrow and bursa, less is known about regulatory factors. The avian bursa contains immunoreactive ACTH (22), but CRH has not been reported. The bursa also contains bursal antisteroidogenic peptide (BASP), which suppresses adrenal glucocorticoid production in vitro (7).…”

Section: Regulationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Extra-adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids: evidence for local synthesis, regulation, and function

Taves

Gómez-Sánchez

Soma

2011

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

250

189

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Taves MD, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Soma KK. Extra-adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids: evidence for local synthesis, regulation, and function. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 301: E11-E24, 2011. First published May 3, 2011; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00100.2011.-Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids are steroid hormones classically thought to be secreted exclusively by the adrenal glands. However, recent evidence has shown that corticosteroids can also be locally synthesized in various other tissues, including primary lymphoid organs, intestine, skin, brain, and possibly heart. Evidence for local synthesis includes detection of steroidogenic enzymes and high local corticosteroid levels, even after adrenalectomy. Local synthesis creates high corticosteroid concentrations in extra-adrenal organs, sometimes much higher than circulating concentrations. Interestingly, local corticosteroid synthesis can be regulated via locally expressed mediators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis or renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In some tissues (e.g., skin), these local control pathways might form miniature analogs of the pathways that regulate adrenal corticosteroid production. Locally synthesized glucocorticoids regulate activation of immune cells, while locally synthesized mineralocorticoids regulate blood volume and pressure. The physiological importance of extra-adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids has been shown, because inhibition of local synthesis has major effects even in adrenal-intact subjects. In sum, while adrenal secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids into the blood coordinates multiple organ systems, local synthesis of corticosteroids results in high spatial specificity of steroid action. Taken together, studies of these five major organ systems challenge the conventional understanding of corticosteroid biosynthesis and function.aldosterone; brain; bursa of Fabricius; corticosterone; cortisol; heart; immunosteroids; intestine; neurosteroids; skin; stress; thymus CORTICOSTEROIDS ARE STEROID HORMONES produced in the adrenal cortex and are of two types, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids, such as corticosterone and cortisol, have numerous effects and can act on nearly all cells in the body. For example, glucocorticoids regulate metabolic activity, immune function, and behavior (84). Circulating glucocorticoid levels increase in response to a variety of stressors under control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Hypothalamic release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) triggers pituitary release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates glucocorticoid production by the zona fasciculata of the adrenals. The adrenals can secrete cortisol, corticosterone, or both, depending on the species.Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone, promote sodium reabsorption in transporting epithelia of the kidneys, salivary glands, and large intestine. Sodium reabsorption is followed by passive reabsorption of water. Circulating aldosterone concentrations...

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Section: Regulationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Extra-adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids: evidence for local synthesis, regulation, and function

Taves

Gómez-Sánchez

Soma

2011

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

250

189

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“…As far as ACTH is concerned, proopiomelanocortinrelated molecules and cytokines occurred in thymic cells from 4-day-old chicken, and their number increased with age [52]. Gap junction-mediated cell coupling among thymic epithelial cells showed up-regulation after ACTH exposure [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Age-Dependent Changes in 24-Hour Rhythms of Thymic and Circulating Growth Hormone and Adrenocorticotropin in Rats Injected with Freund’s Adjuvant

M²,

Arce³

et al. 2001

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Objective: To analyze the 24-hour changes in thymic and serum concentration of growth hormone (GH) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and their correlation with thymic concentrations of glutamate, aspartate, taurine and GABA in young and old rats during the acute phase of adjuvant’s arthritis. Methods: Young (50-day-old) and old (18-month-old) rats were injected subcutaneously with Freund’s adjuvant or its vehicle (paraffin oil containing 15% mannide monooleate). Eighteen days later, they were killed at six different time intervals throughout a 24-hour cycle. Serum and thymic levels of GH and ACTH were measured by radioimmunoassay. Thymic amino acid concentration was measured by HPLC. A quantitative assessment of arthritis was made in an independent group of rats by plethysmography. Results: Old rats injected with Freund’s adjuvant exhibited fewer clinical signs of inflammation than young rats. Significant 24-hour changes in thymic and serum GH occurred, except for serum GH in adjuvant’s vehicle-treated old rats. Aging augmented thymic GH and decreased serum GH. Immunization with Freund’s adjuvant did not modify GH concentration. Thymic and serum concentration of GH correlated negatively. Thymic ACTH varied significantly over 24 h with maxima during the dark phase, except in Freund’s adjuvant-treated young rats. Maximal serum ACTH levels occurred in the late afternoon except in Freund’s adjuvant-treated old rats which showed maxima at night. Immunization with Freund’s adjuvant augmented thymic and circulating concentrations of ACTH. Thymic and serum concentration of ACTH correlated positively. Thymic concentration of glutamate, aspartate and taurine decreased in aged rats and correlated significantly with thymic ACTH. Conclusion: The results support the existence of a thymic compartment of GH and ACTH that may be independently regulated.

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“…The lymphoid tissue was substituted by fibrous tissue, and inside it there were cysts covered by cuboid epithelial cells filled with hyaline substance and leucocytes. Franchini and Ottaviani (1999) observed that in Gallus domesticus, the histological modifications in the bursa appeared at 2 months and that β-endorphin appeared in the FAE and in dendriticreticular cells between 4 days and 2 months, while ACTH, α-MSH and cytokine-like molecules appeared in follicles after 2 months.…”

Section: Plical Epitheliummentioning

confidence: 93%

Identification of cells secreting a thymostimulin-like substance and examination of some histoenzymatic pathways in aging avian primary lymphatic organs: II. Bursa of Fabricius

Mazzone¹,

Aita²,

Gabrielli³

et al. 2009

Eur J Histochem

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The Bursa of Fabricius of 15 day, 1-, 3-, and 6 month-old adult chickens (White Leghorn strain) were studied by histological and histochemical staining, histoenzymatic reactions (LDH, SDH, α-GPDH, NAD, NADPH, Ca ++ -dependent ATP-ase, pH 8.5) and by anti-thymostimulin immunoreaction. Positive reactions for mucopolysaccharides and enzymatic activities were located in the epithelia of the follicles, i.e. in follicleassociated-epithelium (FAE), inter-follicle-epithelium (IFE) and in different epithelial compartments of cortical and medullary zones. Positive reaction for thymostimulin-like (TSlike) substance was restricted to FAE cells and weakly to the basal lamina of IFE. In 6-month-old chickens, the FAE cells disappeared; the phenomenon of bursal regression was evident, although not all the follicles were involved. In the few still normal follicles, the good reactivity to the enzymes tested suggests that residual physiological activity is still present, even if reduced. , 1621) is a primary lymphoid organ peculiar to birds. The bursa is responsible for the maturation and differentiation of B-lymphocytes to produce humoral immunological responses. The other primary lymphoid organ, the thymus, instead, is responsible for the maturation and differentiation of T-lymphocytes, leading to cellular immunological responses (Dent and Good, 1965;Schaffner et al., 1974a;Le Douarin et al., 1984).The structure of the bursa has been described both during the ontogenetic period (Jolly, 1911a(Jolly, , 1914Cordier, 1969;Edwards et al., 1975;Le Douarin et al., 1975;Le Douarin et al., 1976;Le Douarin et al., 1984;Ritter and Lebacq, 1977) and during the posthatching period up to its involution (Jolly, 1911b(Jolly, ,1914Mc Connachie and Ruth, 1973;Glick, 1974Glick, , 1983Bellamy and Mohamed, 1982;Davenport and Allen, 1985).Since the discovery that the bursa was implicated in the differentiation of B-lymphocytes for humoral immunity (Chang et al., 1955;Glick et al., 1956;Papermaster and Good, 1962;Peterson and Good, 1965), attention was focused, on the one hand, on lymphoid cell populations (Ackermann and Knouff, 1959;Ackermann, 1962;Woods and Linna, 1965;Cooper et al., 1966; Toivanen et al., 1972 a,b;Toivanen et al., 1974;Back et al., 1973;Grossi et al., 1974;Grossi et al., 1976;Glick, 1974Glick, , 1983Glick, , 1995Glick et al., 1975;Eerola et al., 1982;Brand et al., 1983;Pink et al., 1985;Lassila, 1989;Nowak et al., 1990;Motyka and Reynolds, 1991;Petrini et al., 1991;Paramithiotis and Ratcliffe, 1993, 1994 a,b, 1996Reynaud and Weill, 1993;Masteller and Thompson, 1994;Masteller et al., 1995;Paramithiotis et al., 1995;Obranovich and Boyd, 1996;Funk and Thompson, 1996) and, on the other hand, on the epithelial stroma providing the bursal microenvironment within which B-cell maturation and differentiation occurs.

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Immunoreactive POMC‐Derived Peptides and Cytokines in the Chicken Thymus and Bursa of Fabricius Microenvironments: Age‐Related Changes

Cited by 35 publications

References 34 publications

Extra-adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids: evidence for local synthesis, regulation, and function

Extra-adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids: evidence for local synthesis, regulation, and function

Age-Dependent Changes in 24-Hour Rhythms of Thymic and Circulating Growth Hormone and Adrenocorticotropin in Rats Injected with Freund’s Adjuvant

Identification of cells secreting a thymostimulin-like substance and examination of some histoenzymatic pathways in aging avian primary lymphatic organs: II. Bursa of Fabricius

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