Immunoreactivity of Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2 Corresponds to Cytochrome Oxidase-Rich Subcompartments in the Visual Cortex of Squirrel Monkeys

Yao, Songping; Zhou, Qing; Li, Shuiyu; Takahata, Toru

doi:10.3389/fnana.2021.629473

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Commercial antibodies were used for immunohistochemistry: mouse monoclonal anti‐VGLUT2 antibody (Millipore, Bedford, MA; catalog ID: MAB5504, RRID: AB_2187552). The protocol followed our previous study (Yao et al., 2021). Free‐floating sections were washed three times in 0.3% Triton X‐100/PBS (PBST).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional topography of pulvinar–visual cortex networks in macaques revealed by INS–fMRI

Yao

Shi

Zhou

et al. 2023

J of Comparative Neurology

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The pulvinar in the macaque monkey contains three divisions: the medial pulvinar (PM), the lateral pulvinar (PL), and the inferior pulvinar (PI). Anatomical studies have shown that connections of PM are preferentially distributed to higher association areas, those of PL are biased toward the ventral visual pathway, and those of PI are biased with the dorsal visual pathway. To study functional connections of the pulvinar at mesoscale, we used a novel method called INS–fMRI (infrared neural stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging). This method permits studies and comparisons of multiple pulvinar networks within single animals. As previously revealed, stimulations of different sites in PL and PI produced topographically organized focal activations in visual areas V1, V2, and V3. In contrast, PM stimulation elicited little or diffuse response. The relative activations of areas V1, V2, V3A, V3d, V3v, V4, MT, and MST revealed that connections of PL are biased to ventral pathway areas, and those of PI are biased to dorsal areas. Different statistical values of activated blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent responses produced the same center of activation, indicating stability of connectivity; it also suggests possible dynamics of broad to focal responses from single stimulation sites. These results demonstrate that infrared neural stimulation‐induced connectivity is largely consistent with previous anatomical connectivity studies, thereby demonstrating validity of our novel method. In addition, it suggests additional interpretations of functional connectivity to complement anatomical studies.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional topography of pulvinar–visual cortex networks in macaques revealed by INS–fMRI

Yao

Shi

Zhou

et al. 2023

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…CO histochemistry shows some blob-like patterns in infragranular layers, especially in New World and prosimian primates (Carroll and Wong-Riley, 1984 ; Condo and Casagrande, 1990 ), but the pattern is usually faint. In our interpretation, these faint patchy patterns of CO activity represent the distribution of minor afferent inputs from the thalamus (Takahata, 2016 ; Yao et al, 2021 ). However, the patchy IEG pattern observed in this study was particularly distinct in infragranular layers and may provide new insights into our understanding of the functional organization of V1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Except the first case (ID 18-27), the animals were kept in the dark overnight, then exposed to their normal light environment for 1–2 h before perfusion for the purpose of greater induction of IEG expression. Some of the data from these monkeys have already been published for a separate study (Yao et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their ODCs have only been studied using intravitreal injections of a transneuronal tracer or cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry combined with monocular inactivation (MI) (Hendrickson et al, 1978 ; Hendrickson and Tigges, 1985 ; Adams and Horton, 2003 ), but not using other more modern methods. We have recently suggested that CO histochemistry can only reveal activity of geniculo-striate axon terminals or dendrites of cortical neurons that make direct contact with geniculo-striate axon terminals, but does not reveal changes in overall activity of cortical neurons (Takahata, 2016 ; Yao et al, 2021 ). On the other hand, the expression levels of c-FOS and ZIF268 , immediate-early genes (IEGs), are estimated to more directly reflect spiking activity levels of neurons occurring 30–60 min before fixation (Herrera and Robertson, 1996 ; Zangenehpour and Chaudhuri, 2002 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Expression Patterns of Cytochrome Oxidase and Immediate-Early Genes Show Absence of Ocular Dominance Columns in the Striate Cortex of Squirrel Monkeys Following Monocular Inactivation

Yao

Zhou

et al. 2021

Front. Neuroanat.

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Because at least some squirrel monkeys lack ocular dominance columns (ODCs) in the striate cortex (V1) that are detectable by cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry, the functional importance of ODCs on stereoscopic 3-D vision has been questioned. However, conventional CO histochemistry or trans-synaptic tracer study has limited capacity to reveal cortical functional architecture, whereas the expression of immediate-early genes (IEGs), c-FOS and ZIF268, is more directly responsive to neuronal activity of cortical neurons to demonstrate ocular dominance (OD)-related domains in V1 following monocular inactivation. Thus, we wondered whether IEG expression would reveal ODCs in the squirrel monkey V1. In this study, we first examined CO histochemistry in V1 of five squirrel monkeys that were subjected to monocular enucleation or tetrodotoxin (TTX) treatment to address whether there is substantial cross-individual variation as reported previously. Then, we examined the IEG expression of the same V1 tissue to address whether OD-related domains are revealed. As a result, staining patterns of CO histochemistry were relatively homogeneous throughout layer 4 of V1. IEG expression was also moderate and homogeneous throughout layer 4 of V1 in all cases. On the other hand, the IEG expression was patchy in accordance with CO blobs outside layer 4, particularly in infragranular layers, although they may not directly represent OD clusters. Squirrel monkeys remain an exceptional species among anthropoid primates with regard to OD organization, and thus are potentially good subjects to study the development and function of ODCs.

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“…Animals were euthanized by administering an overdose of sodium pentobarbitone (100 mg/kg) and perfused transcranially with 0.9% saline, followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Sections were cut through the entire extent of the MGB and processed using the cytochrome-oxidase (CO) staining conducted as described previously ( Yao et al. 2021 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective corticofugal modulation on sound processing in auditory thalamus of awake marmosets

et al. 2022

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Cortical feedback has long been considered crucial for the modulation of sensory perception and recognition. However, previous studies have shown varying modulatory effects of the primary auditory cortex (A1) on the auditory response of subcortical neurons, which complicate interpretations regarding the function of A1 in sound perception and recognition. This has been further complicated by studies conducted under different brain states. In the current study, we used cryo-inactivation in A1 to examine the role of corticothalamic feedback on medial geniculate body (MGB) neurons in awake marmosets. The primary effects of A1 inactivation were a frequency-specific decrease in the auditory response of most MGB neurons coupled with an increased spontaneous firing rate, which together resulted in a decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, we report for the first time that A1 robustly modulated the long-lasting sustained response of MGB neurons, which changed the frequency tuning after A1 inactivation, e.g. some neurons are sharper with corticofugal feedback and some get broader. Taken together, our results demonstrate that corticothalamic modulation in awake marmosets serves to enhance sensory processing in a manner similar to center-surround models proposed in visual and somatosensory systems, a finding which supports common principles of corticothalamic processing across sensory systems.

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Immunoreactivity of Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2 Corresponds to Cytochrome Oxidase-Rich Subcompartments in the Visual Cortex of Squirrel Monkeys

Cited by 6 publications

References 74 publications

Functional topography of pulvinar–visual cortex networks in macaques revealed by INS–fMRI

Functional topography of pulvinar–visual cortex networks in macaques revealed by INS–fMRI

The Expression Patterns of Cytochrome Oxidase and Immediate-Early Genes Show Absence of Ocular Dominance Columns in the Striate Cortex of Squirrel Monkeys Following Monocular Inactivation

Selective corticofugal modulation on sound processing in auditory thalamus of awake marmosets

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