Immunostimulatory Activity of Black Rice Bran in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Rats

Abstract

Black rice bran extract (BRBE), containing various biologically active compounds, such as anthocyanin, has antioxidant activity and numerous pharmacological effects. Here, we aimed to confirm the immunostimulatory effects of BRBE in cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced immunosuppressed cells. Our results confirmed that BRBE exerted an immunostimulatory effect. In vitro, BRBE treatment enhanced cell proliferation, activity of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and production of CP-repressed cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-12, and immunoglobulins G and A in isolated splenocytes. Additionally, in vivo, BRBE treatment increased the number of immune cells, such as white blood cells, lymphocyte counts, mid-range absolute counts, and neutrophils in CP-induced immunosuppressed rats. Furthermore, BRBE increased the serum levels of abovementioned inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulins in CP-induced immunosuppressed rats. In addition, BRBE protected against CP-mediated spleen and thymic tissue damage. Our findings suggest that BRBE could be potentially used as a component of functional food for immunity enhancement.

The Potential of High-Anthocyanin Purple Rice as a Functional Ingredient in Human Health

“…Additionally, the extracted anthocyanin from purple rice grain has been suggested to reduce gastroduodenal symptoms caused by microbial infection as well as improve cholesterol metabolism and gut microbiota dysbiosis in high-fat and high cholesterol diet groups [ 163 , 164 ]. Recently, the benefits of purple rice rich in anthocyanins in boosting immune responses have been shown to function by increasing the numbers of immune cells such as white blood cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils [ 165 ]. A previous study indicated that the risk of leukemia was reduced after intake of purple rice anthocyanin by increasing the population of white blood cells and promoting macrophage phagocytic activity [ 166 ].…”

“…A supplement with 400 mg of purified cyanidin-3-glucoside per day for a 60 kg adult effectively inhibited airway inflammation [ 161 ]. The dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight per day of purple rice anthocyanin-rich extract was suggested in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases [ 162 ], while the daily intake of 1000 mg/kg of body weight had more effectiveness on immunity enhancement when compared with 100 or 300 mg/kg [ 165 ]. In addition, Wang et al, 2020 reported that 5.84 mg/kg body weight/day (equal to 350 mg/day for a person weighing 60 kg) of purple rice anthocyanin extract could protect against liver steatosis in high-fat and high cholesterol diet groups [ 164 ].…”

Immunomodulatory Activity In Vitro and In Vivo of a Sulfated Polysaccharide with Novel Structure from the Green Alga Ulvaconglobata Kjellman

“…The spleen and thymus are important immune organs and play a vital role in specific and nonspecific immunity. The spleen can eliminate older erythrocytes from circulation and cause the efficient removal of blood-borne microbes and cellular debris [ 38 ]. The thymus has a crucial influence on the establishment of adaptive immunity and a central tolerance because it mediates the maturation and choice of T lymphocytes [ 39 ].…”

Tryptamine, a Microbial Metabolite in Fermented Rice Bran Suppressed Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in a Murine Macrophage Model

“…Interestingly, high concentrations of FRB seemingly increased the mRNA level of Il-6 ( Figure 1 C). Despite containing a vast array of anti-inflammatory compounds, immunostimulatory compounds have also been identified in rice bran [ 47 , 48 ]. A glycoprotein fraction was reported to increase the level of various cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10, in RAW 264.7 cells [ 47 ].…”