Immunosuppression and feeding success of Ixodes ricinus nymphs on BALB/c mice

Dusbábek, F.; Borský, I.; Jelinek, F.; Uhlír, J

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1995.tb00169.x

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In contrast to lymph node cells, splenocytes from the same mice showed no signiÞcant change in proliferative responses when compared with uninfested control animals (Ferreira and Silva 1999). The Con A-stimulated proliferative response of spleen lymphocytes from BALB/c mice repeatedly infested with I. ricinus was unchanged after the primary and secondary infestations, and then increased above those from noninfested mice after the third and fourth infestations (Dusbabek et al 1995). In contrast, B-cell responses to LPS and pokeweed mitogen were suppressed after each of four infestations (Dusbabek et al 1995).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

“…Dermacentor andersoni salivary gland extracts contain molecules that suppress Con A-stimulated proliferation of lymphocytes from normal BALB/c mice (Bergman et al 1995(Bergman et al , 1998 and whole tick extracts of I. ricinus signiÞcantly inßuence the in vitro proliferative responses of lymphocytes from normal or previously infested laboratory mice (Borsky et al 1994, Dusbabek et al 1995. Additionally, saliva from I. dammini (ϭI.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because ixodid ticks attach to and feed on hosts for a period that may range from days to weeks (Sonenshine 1991), it is not surprising that molecules introduced during tick feeding modulate T-cell responses of infested hosts. Infestation with Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latreille, or I. ricinus modiÞes the in vitro proliferative responses of lymphocytes from repeatedly infested rabbits, guinea pigs, or laboratory mice (Wikel 1982b, Schorderet and Brossard 1993, Borsky et al 1994, Dusbabek et al 1995, Ganapamo et al 1996, Ferreira and Silva 1999.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Influence of Repeated Infestations with Pathogen-FreeIxodes scapularis(Acari: Ixodidae) on In Vitro Lymphocyte Proliferation Responses of C3H/HeN Mice

Schoeler

Manweiler²,

Bergman

et al. 2000

J Med Entomol

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In the United States, Ixodes scapularis Say has been implicated as the vector of at least three human pathogens. Tick induced modulation of host immunity is increasingly recognized as an important factor in successful transmission or establishment of tick-borne pathogens. This study was conducted to determine the effects of repeated infestations with pathogen-free I. scapularis nymphs on in vitro proliferative responses of splenic lymphocytes from C3H/HeN mice. Lymphocytes from repeatedly infested and uninfested mice were exposed to concanavalin A (Con A), Escherichia coli Castellini & Chalmers lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or I. scapularis salivary gland soluble proteins (SGSP), to determine if lymphocyte responses differed between tick-exposed and nonexposed mice. Female C3H/HeN mice were infested one to four times with pathogen-free I. scapularis nymphs, with a 14-d tick-free period between each exposure. After each infestation, tick biology parameters were measured and lymphocyte proliferative responses assessed. Acquired resistance to I. scapularis was not evident in mice subjected to tick feeding. Significant differences in the responses of lymphocytes exposed to I. scapularis SGSP were observed between infested and noninfested mice. In contrast, few differences between infested and noninfested mice were evident for lymphocytes exposed to Con A or LPS. Our results suggest that repeated exposure to I. scapularis nymphs does not affect Con A or LPS-induced proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, but significantly effects lymphocyte responses to tick salivary gland antigens.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Repeated Infestations with Pathogen-FreeIxodes scapularis(Acari: Ixodidae) on In Vitro Lymphocyte Proliferation Responses of C3H/HeN Mice

Schoeler

Manweiler²,

Bergman

et al. 2000

J Med Entomol

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“…More recently, Wikel et al [25] reported that the host immune response to repeated tick feeding could possibly neutralize immunosuppressive molecules introduced by the tick. On the other hand, findings that the suppressive effect of repeated tick infestation was greater than those of the first infestation, were also reported [4,5,20]. Tick saliva also contains soluble antigens which can trigger a T lymphocyte specific response in BALB/c mice infested with ticks [12].…”

mentioning

confidence: 85%

Effects of Infestation by Rhipicephalus sanguineus on Lymphocyte Blastogenic Responses to Mitogens in Dogs.

Inokuma

Aita

Ohno

et al. 1998

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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Mitogen blastogenic responses of lymphocytes from dogs infested with adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus and the effects of salivary gland extracts (SGE) of the tick on the blastogenic responses of lymphocytes from normal dogs were studied. Infestation by R. sanguineus significantly suppressed concanavalin A, phyto-hemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen responses of lymphocytes from dogs. The inhibition of lymphocyte responses of dogs in the first infestation was greater than that in the second infestation. SGE from R. sanguineus also suppressed all mitogen blastogenic responses of lymphocytes from healthy dogs in vitro. These suppressive effects of SGE on the blastogenic responses of PBL to mitogens were significantly inhibited by trypsin digestion. It is suggested that some proteins in SGE contribute to the suppressive effects of SGE on the blastogenic responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes from dogs.-KEY WORDS: canine, lymphocyte mitogenesis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. blood lymphocyte (PBL) responses to mitogens. To obtain salivary gland extract (SGE) from partially-engorged R. sanguineus, unfed female adults were allowed to feed for 4 days on the ears of rabbits (Japanese white, Kyudo, Japan). A density gradient method using Lymphoprep (1.077 g/ ml, Nycomed Pharma AS, Oslo, Norway) was used to separate PBL from peripheral blood [5]. Contaminated red blood cells were lysed with ammonium chloride Tris buffer (0.017 M Tris, pH 7.2 containing 0.75% NH 4 Cl), washed twice with sterile PBS, and finally resuspended at 2 × 10 6 cells/ml in complete RPMI 1640 medium (ICN Biomedical Japan) containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, ICN Biomedical Japan), penicillin (100 IU/ml) and streptomycin (20 µg/ml). Observation of PBL after Giemsa staining revealed that the cell suspensions contained less than 8% neutrophils. In addition, more than 95% of PBL were viable by trypan blue dye exclusion. Aliquots of 50 µl of PBL suspension were added in triplicate to wells in 96-well microculture plates (Flow Laboratories Inc., U.S.A.) along with 50 µl of an optimum concentration of concanavalin A (Con A, 2.0 µg/ml, EY Laboratories, Inc., U.S.A.), phyto-hemagglutinin (PHA, 3.0 µg/ml, EY Laboratories, Inc., U.S.A.) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM, 1.0 µg/ml, EY Laboratories, Inc., U.S.A.) in complete medium. The cell cultures were incubated for 72 hr at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO 2. The blastogenic activities of cells in culture were evaluated by an assay using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) [5, 14]. The results are expressed as stimulation index (SI) according to the following formula from the results of duplicate assays. SI = (O.D.(570/630 nm) of stimulated cells with FE) / (O.D.(570/630 nm) of unstimulated cells without FE) Female R. sanguineus were collected from rabbits. The salivary glands were dissected out from each tick under a microscope and homogenized with a ground glass homogenizer in 2.0 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS, Rhipicephalus sanguineus is the most wide sp...

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“…Reduced proliferation was observed for the spleen cells isolated after the ® rst and third infestations but the splenocytes obtained after the second exposure to nymphs showed higher levels of reactivity to Con A than those obtained from the tick-naive controls. The in-vitro proliferative responses of splenic T-and B-lymphocyte were assessed for BALB/c mice given four sequential infestations with I. ricinus nymphs (Dusbabek et al, 1995). When compared with the corresponding cells from normal controls, the cells from the infested mice reacted similarly or with slightly enhanced reactivity to Con A or PHA.…”

Section: Host Immune Modulation By Ticksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of host immunity by haematophagous arthropods

Schoeler¹,

Wikel²

2001

Annals of Tropical Medicine And Parasitology

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The medical and veterinary public-health importance of haematophagous arthropods is immense and continuing to increase because of the emergence of new vector-borne infectious agents and the resurgence of well known ones. Control of blood-feeding arthropods and the pathogens they transmit is compounded by drug, insecticide and acaricide resistance. Novel control strategies are needed. Immunological control is one very promising approach to these problems. In order to develop anti-arthropod vaccines that block pathogen transmission and establishment, the immunological interactions occurring at the interface of the blood-feeding arthropod and host must be characterized. An important component of these interactions is arthropod modulation of the host's innate and acquired, specific immune defences. This review discusses current knowledge regarding the ability of haematophagous arthropods to alter their hosts' immune defences, the impact of those changes on pathogen transmission, the molecular bases for the immunomodulation, and strategies for identification of the molecules in arthropod saliva that are responsible for the immunomodulation.

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Immunosuppression and feeding success of Ixodes ricinus nymphs on BALB/c mice

Cited by 19 publications

References 23 publications

Influence of Repeated Infestations with Pathogen-FreeIxodes scapularis(Acari: Ixodidae) on In Vitro Lymphocyte Proliferation Responses of C3H/HeN Mice

Influence of Repeated Infestations with Pathogen-FreeIxodes scapularis(Acari: Ixodidae) on In Vitro Lymphocyte Proliferation Responses of C3H/HeN Mice

Effects of Infestation by Rhipicephalus sanguineus on Lymphocyte Blastogenic Responses to Mitogens in Dogs.

Modulation of host immunity by haematophagous arthropods

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