Immunosuppressive 30-kDa protein in urine of pregnant women and patients with trophoblastic diseases

Kamada, Masao; Ino, Hiroyasu; Naka, Osamu; Irahara, Minoru; Daitoh, Toshifumi; Mori, Kensaku; Maeda, Naomi; Murakami, Masahiko; Hirano, Kohki; Aono, Toshihiro

doi:10.1016/0028-2243(93)90204-p

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Three other groups have shown that hCG may directly suppress any immune action against the invading foreign tissue [36-38]. All told, hCG appears to be one of the numerous factors acting to prevent rejection of the fetoplacental tissue.…”

Section: Biological Function Of Hcgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological functions of hCG and hCG-related molecules

Cole

2010

Reprod Biol Endocrinol

379

296

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BackgroundhCG is a term referring to 4 independent molecules, each produced by separate cells and each having completely separate functions. These are hCG produced by villous syncytiotrophoblast cells, hyperglycosylated hCG produced by cytotrophoblast cells, free beta-subunit made by multiple primary non-trophoblastic malignancies, and pituitary hCG made by the gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary.Results and discussionhCG has numerous functions. hCG promotes progesterone production by corpus luteal cells; promotes angiogenesis in uterine vasculature; promoted the fusion of cytotrophoblast cell and differentiation to make syncytiotrophoblast cells; causes the blockage of any immune or macrophage action by mother on foreign invading placental cells; causes uterine growth parallel to fetal growth; suppresses any myometrial contractions during the course of pregnancy; causes growth and differentiation of the umbilical cord; signals the endometrium about forthcoming implantation; acts on receptor in mother's brain causing hyperemesis gravidarum, and seemingly promotes growth of fetal organs during pregnancy.Hyperglycosylated hCG functions to promote growth of cytotrophoblast cells and invasion by these cells, as occurs in implantation of pregnancy, and growth and invasion by choriocarcinoma cells. hCG free beta-subunit is produced by numerous non-trophoblastic malignancies of different primaries. The detection of free beta-subunit in these malignancies is generally considered a sign of poor prognosis. The free beta-subunit blocks apoptosis in cancer cells and promotes the growth and malignancy of the cancer. Pituitary hCG is a sulfated variant of hCG produced at low levels during the menstrual cycle. Pituitary hCG seems to mimic luteinizing hormone actions during the menstrual cycle.

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Section: Biological Function Of Hcgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological functions of hCG and hCG-related molecules

Cole

2010

Reprod Biol Endocrinol

379

296

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This reduces macrophage phagocytosis activity at the placenta-uterus interface, preventing destruction of the foreign fetoplacental tissue by the mothers macrophage system [62-64]. Four other groups have shown that hCG may directly suppress any immune action against the invading foreign tissue by the mother [65-67,89]. All told, hCG appears to be important in preventing rejection of fetoplacental tissue during pregnancy [62-67,89].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

hCG, the wonder of today's science

Cole

2012

Reprod Biol Endocrinol

169

113

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BackgroundhCG is a wonder. Firstly, because hCG is such an extreme molecule. hCG is the most acidic glycoprotein containing the highest proportion of sugars. Secondly, hCG exists in 5 common forms. Finally, it has so many functions ranging from control of human pregnancy to human cancer. This review examines these molecules in detail.ContentThese 5 molecules, hCG, sulfated hCG, hyperglycosylated hCG, hCG free beta and hyperglycosylated free beta are produced by placental syncytiotrophoblast cells and pituitary gonadotrope cells (group 1), and by placental cytotrophoblast cells and human malignancies (group 2). Group 1 molecules are both hormones that act on the hCG/LH receptor. These molecules are central to human menstrual cycle and human pregnancy. Group 2 molecules are autocrines, that act by antagonizing a TGF beta receptor. These molecules are critical to all advanced malignancies.ConclusionsThe hCG groups are molecules critical to both the molecules of pregnancy or human life, and to the advancement of cancer, or human death.

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“…From an immunologic point of view, hCG has been found to promote immunotolerance in the maternal-fetal surface facilitating implantation [37][38][39][40][41][42][43] and also to lessen myometrial contractions, ensuring the establishment of pregnancy [44][45][46][47]. Besides increasing production of hCG by the trophoblastic tissue soon after implantation, this hormone is also produced by the blastocyst and may contribute in a paracrine manner to the implantation process [48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Addition of low-dose hCG to rFSH during ovarian stimulation for IVF/ICSI: is it beneficial?

Partsinevelos¹,

Antonakopoulos²,

Kallianidis³

et al. 2016

Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol.

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The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the addition of low-dose human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to ovarian stimulation with recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH) on in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) outcome. Materials and Methods: This retrospective clinical study was conducted on 141 women undergoing ICSI through a short GnRH-agonist protocol with rFSH and the addition of low-dose (100 IU/day) hCG. The control group consisted of 124 women undergoing ovarian stimulation with a similar protocol devoid of hCG. Statistical analysis in the study population along with a subgroup analysis for age ≥ 35 years and ≥ 36 years was performed. Results: Women in hCG group were statistically significant older and with higher basal FSH compared to control group. This can be attributed to the Centre's latent tendency to add hCG in the stimulation protocol in poor prognosis patients. Despite this fact and the fact that several ovarian stimulation parameters, such as peak estradiol levels, number of oocytes retrieved, number of mature oocytes, and fertilization rates were in favor of the control group, the quality of transferred embryos and pregnancy rates were in favor of hCG group. Similar results were obtained in the subgroup analyses apart from peak estradiol levels, which did not differ among the study groups. Conclusions: The addition of hCG to rFSH may be associated with better quality embryos and higher pregnancy rates, even in women of advanced reproductive age with higher basal FSH levels, which are often considered to have poorer ovarian reserve.

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Immunosuppressive 30-kDa protein in urine of pregnant women and patients with trophoblastic diseases

Cited by 8 publications

References 22 publications

Biological functions of hCG and hCG-related molecules

Biological functions of hCG and hCG-related molecules

hCG, the wonder of today's science

Addition of low-dose hCG to rFSH during ovarian stimulation for IVF/ICSI: is it beneficial?

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