Immunosuppressive and monooxygenase induction activities of polychlorinated diphenyl ether congeners in C57BL6N mice: Quantitative structure-activity relationships

Howie, L.; Dickerson, R.; Davis, D.; Safe, Stephen

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(90)90187-y

Cited by 44 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Dioxins are found to bioaccumulate in fish downstream of pulp and paper mills, while chlorophenolic compounds, coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) isomers, polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychloroanthracenes, tetrachloroazo-and azoxybenzenes, and PCDEs are acutely toxic but not very prone to bioaccumulation (Paasivirta 1988;Howie et al 1990;Frakes et al 1993). However, chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g.…”

Section: Chlorinated Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chlorophenols are less readily biodegradable than phenol, and their rate of biodegradation decreases with increasing number of chlorine substituents on the aromatic ring (Banerjee et al 1984). It has been suggested that position of the substituent has an effect on the degradability; the order for chlorophenols was found to be ortho > meta > para during anaerobic conditions in aquifer sediments and in digested sludge (Boyd and Shelton 1984;Genthner et al 1989;Annachhatre and Gheewala 1996).Dioxins are found to bioaccumulate in fish downstream of pulp and paper mills, while chlorophenolic compounds, coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) isomers, polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychloroanthracenes, tetrachloroazo-and azoxybenzenes, and PCDEs are acutely toxic but not very prone to bioaccumulation (Paasivirta 1988;Howie et al 1990;Frakes et al 1993). However, chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation: A Review of Pulp and Paper Industry Practices and Opportunities

Hubbe

Metts

Hermosilla

et al. 2016

BioRes

194

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The pulp and paper (P&P) industry worldwide has achieved substantial progress in treating both process water and wastewater, thus limiting the discharge of pollutants to receiving waters. This review covers a variety of wastewater treatment methods, which provide P&P companies with costeffective ways to limit the release of biological or chemical oxygen demand, toxicity, solids, color, and other indicators of pollutant load. Conventional wastewater treatment systems, often comprising primary clarification followed by activated sludge processes, have been widely implemented in the P&P industry. Higher levels of pollutant removal can be achieved by supplementary treatments, which can include anaerobic biological stages, advanced oxidation processes, bioreactors, and membrane filtration technologies. Improvements in the performance of wastewater treatment operations often can be achieved by effective measurement technologies and by strategic addition of agents including coagulants, flocculants, filter aids, and optimized fungal or bacterial cultures. In addition, P&P mills can implement upstream process changes, including dissolved-air-flotation (DAF) systems, filtration save-alls, and kidney-like operations to purify process waters, thus reducing the load of pollutants and the volume of effluent being discharged to end-of-pipe wastewater treatment plants. Keywords: Wastewater treatment; Pulp and paper manufacturing; Advanced oxidation; Membrane technologies; Clarification; Activated sludgeContact information: a: North Carolina State University, Dept. of Forest Biomaterials, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 29695-8005; b: WestRock Company, Water and Waste Treatment, 600 S 8th St, Fernandina Beach, FL 32034; c: Department of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, University of Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, E-42004 Soria, Spain; d: Complutense University of Madrid, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ingn. Quim, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n,S-N, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; e: Concordia University, Dept. Bldg. Civil & Environm. Engn., 1455 Maisonneuve Blvd, West Montreal, PQ H3G 1M8, Canada; f: University of Jyväskylä, Dept. Chem., Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; g: Department of Biology, Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; h: Department of Environment and Planning, Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Aveiro & Department of Materials and Ceramics, Institute of Materials, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; i: FPInnovations, 570 St. Jean Blvd., Pointe Claire, PQ H9R 3J9, Canada; * Corresponding author: hubbe@ncsu.edu Contents of the Article INTRODUCTIONThe pulp and paper (P&P) industry occupies a challenging position with respect to the natural environment. On the positive side, the industry is based on the usage of renewable, photosynthetic resources. On the other hand, the industry discharges huge quantities of aqueous effluents. Large volumes (up to 70 m 3 ) of wastewater ...

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Section: Chlorinated Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation: A Review of Pulp and Paper Industry Practices and Opportunities

Hubbe

Metts

Hermosilla

et al. 2016

BioRes

194

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“…The immunosuppressive potencies of eight isomers of tetra-, penta-, or hexachlorinated DEs were determined using the mouse splenic plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep red blood cell antigens (95). The isomers dose dependently decreased the number of PFCs, with ED 50 values between 0.19 and > 151 mg/kg (given as a single ip dose).…”

Section: Experimental Studies In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The outcome of this study is in agreement with structural considerations suggesting that the nonplanarity of halogenated DEs results in a low binding affinity to the Ah receptor (93). Nevertheless, some studies have shown that pure PCDEs indeed are weak inducers of microsomal EROD and AHH activities in a congener-and conformation-specific manner (94)(95)(96)(97).…”

Section: Experimental Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology.

Darnerud

Eriksen

Johannesson

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

686

263

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in plastics (concentration, 5--30%) and in textile coatings. Commercial products consist predominantly of penta-, octa-, and decabromodiphenyl ether mixtures, and global PBDE production is about 40,000 tons per year. PBDEs are bioaccumulated and biomagnified in the environment, and comparatively high levels are often found in aquatic biotopes from different parts of the world. During the mid-1970--1980s there was a substantial increase in the PBDE levels with time in both sediments and aquatic biota, whereas the latest Swedish data (pike and guillemot egg) may indicate that levels are at steady state or are decreasing. However, exponentially increasing PBDE levels have been observed in mother's milk during 1972--1997. Based on levels in food from 1999, the dietary intake of PBDE in Sweden has been estimated to be 0.05 microg per day. Characteristic end points of animal toxicity are hepatotoxicity, embryotoxicity, and thyroid effects as well as maternal toxicity during gestation. Recently, behavioral effects have been observed in mice on administration of PBDEs during a critical period after birth. Based on the critical effects reported in available studies, we consider the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) value of the PBDE group to be 1 mg/kg/day (primarily based on effects of pentaBDEs). In conclusion, with the scientific knowledge of today and based on Nordic intake data, the possible consumer health risk from PBDEs appears limited, as a factor of over 10(6) separates the estimated present mean dietary intake from the suggested LOAEL value. However, the presence of many and important data gaps, including those in carcinogenicity, reproduction, and developmental toxicity, as well as additional routes of exposure, make this conclusion only preliminary. Moreover, the time trend of PBDEs in human breast milk is alarming for the future.

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“…Results of a 2-year chronic rodent bioassay suggest that the deca-BDE mixture may be a possible human carcinogen, although this effect was observed in laboratory animals only at very high levels of exposure [National Toxicology Program (NTP) 1986]. Octa-BDE and penta-BDE are more bioactive, with possible endocrine, hepatic, reproductive, and neurodevelopmental toxicities (Branchi et al 2002;Darnerud and Thuvander 1999;Eriksson et al 1998Eriksson et al , 1999Eriksson et al , 2001Fowles et al 1994;Gillner and Jakobsson 1996;Darnerud 1998, 2002;Hallgren et al 2001;Hardy 2002aHardy , 2002bHowie et al 1990;McDonald 2002;Meerts et al 1998Meerts et al , 2001Meerts et al , 2002Morse et al 1993;Pijnenburg et al 1995).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. mothers' milk.

Schecter

Pavúk

Päpke

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

463

249

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No previous reports exist on polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in human milk from individual U.S. mothers. This article on PBDEs is an extension of our previous studies on concentrations of dioxins, dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other chlorinated organic compounds in human milk in a number of countries. PBDE commercial products are used as flame retardants in flexible polyurethane foam (penta-BDE), in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins (octa-BDE), and in high-impact polystyrene resins (deca-BDE). Their use is permitted in the United States but is banned in some European countries because of presumed toxicity, demonstrated persistence, and bioaccumulation. Different commercial products can be found in various consumer products such as television sets, computers, computer monitors and printers, carpets, and upholstery. Analyses of human levels of these compounds suggest low but rising levels in European human milk, which may have peaked, at least in Sweden, in the late 1990s. Very few data exist on levels of PBDEs in humans in the United States, and none from milk from individual nursing mothers. To address this issue, we analyzed 47 individual milk samples from nursing mothers, 20-41 years of age, from a milk bank in Austin, Texas, and a community women's health clinic in Dallas, Texas. Up to 13 PBDE congeners were measured. The concentrations of the sum of PBDE congeners varied from 6.2 to 419 ng/g (or parts per billion) lipid, with a median of 34 ng/g and a mean of 73.9 ng/g lipid. The PBDE levels in breast milk from Texas were similar to levels found in U.S. blood and adipose tissue lipid from California and Indiana and are 10-100 times greater than human tissue levels in Europe. Their detection in breast milk raises concern for potential toxicity to nursing infants, given the persistence and bioaccumulative nature of some of the PBDE congeners. These results indicate a need for more detailed investigation of the levels of PBDE in people and food, as well as determining if animal fat in food is the major route of exposure of the general U.S. population. Other routes of intake may also be significant.

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Immunosuppressive and monooxygenase induction activities of polychlorinated diphenyl ether congeners in C57BL6N mice: Quantitative structure-activity relationships

Cited by 44 publications

References 31 publications

Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation: A Review of Pulp and Paper Industry Practices and Opportunities

Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation: A Review of Pulp and Paper Industry Practices and Opportunities

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. mothers' milk.

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