Immunosuppressive Drugs

Hussain, Yaseen; Khan, Haroon

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818731-9.00068-9

Cited by 29 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…Overall, such investigations may provide a rationale or basis to explore the use of immune suppressive therapies in clinical settings. In that direction, newer modalities such as the use of peptides or aptamers to neutralise autoantibodies can be explored further, 289 in combination with or without traditional approaches such as immunoadsorption, intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, biologics and selective immune suppressants targeting autoreactive B cells or T cells or both 300–310 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In that direction, newer modalities such as the use of peptides or aptamers to neutralise autoantibodies can be explored further, 289 in combination with or without traditional approaches such as immunoadsorption, intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, biologics and selective immune suppressants targeting autoreactive B cells or T cells or both. [300][301][302][303][304][305][306][307][308][309][310] AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Kiruthiga Mone and Jay Reddy contributed equally in writing the manuscript.…”

Section: Major Gaps In the Understanding Of The Relevance Of Cardiac ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The knowns and unknowns of cardiac autoimmunity in viral myocarditis

Mone,

Reddy

2023

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Myocarditis can result from various infectious and non‐infectious causes that can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and heart failure. Among the infectious causes, viruses are commonly suspected. But the challenge is our inability to demonstrate infectious viral particles during clinical presentations, partly because by that point, the viruses would have damaged the tissues and be cleared by the immune system. Therefore, viral signatures such as viral nucleic acids and virus‐reactive antibodies may be the only readouts pointing to viruses as potential primary triggers of DCM. Thus, it becomes hard to explain persistent inflammatory infiltrates that might occur in individuals affected with chronic myocarditis/DCM manifesting myocardial dysfunctions. In these circumstances, autoimmunity is suspected, and antibodies to various autoantigens have been demonstrated, suggesting that immune therapies to suppress the autoimmune responses may be necessary. From this perspective, we endeavoured to determine whether or not the known viral causes are associated with development of autoimmune responses to cardiac antigens that include both cardiotropic and non‐cardiotropic viruses. If so, what their nature and significance are in developing chronic myocarditis resulting from viruses as primary triggers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Major Gaps In the Understanding Of The Relevance Of Cardiac ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The knowns and unknowns of cardiac autoimmunity in viral myocarditis

Mone,

Reddy

2023

Reviews in Medical Virology

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“…Immunosuppression is characterized by a reduction in the functioning of the immune system or a decrease in the quantity of its components ( Hussain and Khan, 2022 ). Immunosuppression can be induced by either an immediate impairment of immune cells or by the stimulation of immunosuppressive mediators production, as well as the alteration of regulatory cell populations ( Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology, 1992 ; Huaux, 2018 ).…”

Section: Immunosuppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New approach methodologies to enhance human health risk assessment of immunotoxic properties of chemicals — a PARC (Partnership for the Assessment of Risk from Chemicals) project

Snapkow,

Smith,

Arnesdotter

et al. 2024

Front. Toxicol.

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As a complex system governing and interconnecting numerous functions within the human body, the immune system is unsurprisingly susceptible to the impact of toxic chemicals. Toxicants can influence the immune system through a multitude of mechanisms, resulting in immunosuppression, hypersensitivity, increased risk of autoimmune diseases and cancer development. At present, the regulatory assessment of the immunotoxicity of chemicals relies heavily on rodent models and a limited number of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guidelines, which only capture a fraction of potential toxic properties. Due to this limitation, various authorities, including the World Health Organization and the European Food Safety Authority have highlighted the need for the development of novel approaches without the use of animals for immunotoxicity testing of chemicals. In this paper, we present a concise overview of ongoing efforts dedicated to developing and standardizing methodologies for a comprehensive characterization of the immunotoxic effects of chemicals, which are performed under the EU-funded Partnership for the Assessment of Risk from Chemicals (PARC).

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“…To assure therapeutic outcomes, immunosuppressant drugs are typically administered via conventional techniques that frequently demand high doses of the drugs, although this can lead to harmful side effects such as infections, cancers, and specific side effects in pregnancy [ 81 , 82 ]. Synthesis of formulations using XG carrying the optimum amount of drug to be effective at the target site was achieved by Sadeq et al [ 83 ].…”

Section: Xg-based Systems For the Delivery Of Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Xanthan Gum-Based Systems for the Delivery of Therapeutic Agents

et al. 2023

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In the last three decades, polymers have contributed significantly to the improvement of drug delivery technologies by enabling the controlled and sustained release of therapeutic agents, versatility in designing different delivery systems, and feasibility of encapsulation of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules. Both natural and synthetic polymers have been explored for the delivery of various therapeutic agents. However, due to the disadvantages of synthetic polymers, such as lack of intrinsic biocompatibility and bioactivity, hydrophobicity, and expensive and complex procedure of synthesis, there is a move toward the use of naturally occurring polymers. The biopolymers are generally derived from either plants or microorganisms and have shown a wide range of applications in drug administration due to their hydrophilic nature, biodegradability, biocompatibility, no or low toxicity, abundance, and readily available, ease of chemical modification, etc. This review describes the applications of a biopolymer, xanthan gum (XG), in the delivery of various therapeutic agents such as drugs, genetic materials, proteins, and peptides. XG is a high molecular weight, microbial heteropolysaccharide and is produced as a fermented product of Gram-negative bacteria, Xanthomonas campestris. Traditionally, it has been used as a thickener in liquid formulations and an emulsion stabiliser. XG has several favourable properties for designing various forms of drug delivery systems. Furthermore, the structure of XG can be easily modified using different temperature and pH conditions. Therefore, XG and its derivatives have been explored for various applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

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Immunosuppressive Drugs

Cited by 29 publications

References 130 publications

The knowns and unknowns of cardiac autoimmunity in viral myocarditis

The knowns and unknowns of cardiac autoimmunity in viral myocarditis

New approach methodologies to enhance human health risk assessment of immunotoxic properties of chemicals — a PARC (Partnership for the Assessment of Risk from Chemicals) project

Advances in Xanthan Gum-Based Systems for the Delivery of Therapeutic Agents

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