2011
DOI: 10.1007/s12307-011-0066-7
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Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment in Cervical Cancer Patients

Abstract: Cervical cancer is caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV) in virtually all cases. These HPV-induced cancers express the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 and are therefore potentially recognized by the immune system. Despite the abundant presence of these foreign antigens, the immune system is unable to cope with the tumor. Due to the constant immunological pressure, cervical cancers can evolve different immune evasion strategies, which will be described in the current review. Several approaches for immunotherapy of cer… Show more

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Cited by 108 publications
(77 citation statements)
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References 179 publications
(192 reference statements)
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“…The tumor microenvironment is a complex cellular environment in which the tumor exists; it consists of cancer cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, surrounding blood vessels, cytokines, chemicals and the extracellular matrix (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). The interaction between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in tumor progression.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The tumor microenvironment is a complex cellular environment in which the tumor exists; it consists of cancer cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, surrounding blood vessels, cytokines, chemicals and the extracellular matrix (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). The interaction between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in tumor progression.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Fourthly, the infected cells express low levels of MHC class I, resulting in impaired CTL function (22). Fifthly, they could induce an accumulation of ineffective CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in stage II/III CINs (23).…”
Section: Hpv Infection Regulating the Host Immune Responsementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Firstly, improper activation of the immune response induced by hrHPV infection provides the possibility of the toleration of T cell generation. Secondly, the weakened innate immune function elicited by the infected KCs creates an immunosuppressive microenvironment, promoting HPV-specific Treg expansion (22).…”
Section: Interplay Between Treg Cells and Hrhpv Infection Tregs (Cd4mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The main cause of cervical cancer is continuous infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) (1)(2)(3)(4). Cervical cancer cells rapidly evade the immune system and promote tumor progression by inhibiting antitumor immunity (5)(6)(7)(8). Many reports have demonstrated the expansion of various immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and N2 neutrophils in cervical tumors (7)(8)(9)(10).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%