Immunosuppressives

Thomas, Sarah S.; Clements, Philip J.; Fürst, Daniel E.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-09138-1.00058-9

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Following preliminary diagnosis, metastatic relapse accounts for 90% of breast-cancer-related deaths, which is ascribed to the resurgence of dormant breast cancer cells [ 66 , 67 ]. Many therapeutics for breast cancer, namely chemotherapy, target actively dividing cells by destructing DNA and key proteins [ 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ]. In such circumstances, autophagy serves to breakdown long-lived proteins, macromolecular waste, and damaged organelles.…”

Section: Complex Relationship Between Key Autophagic Proteins and Var...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Autophagy and Breast Cancer: Connected in Growth, Progression, and Therapy

Sharma

2023

Cells

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Despite an increase in the incidence of breast cancer worldwide, overall prognosis has been consistently improving owing to the development of multiple targeted therapies and novel combination regimens including endocrine therapies, aromatase inhibitors, Her2-targeted therapies, and cdk4/6 inhibitors. Immunotherapy is also being actively examined for some breast cancer subtypes. This overall positive outlook is marred by the development of resistance or reduced efficacy of the drug combinations, but the underlying mechanisms are somewhat unclear. It is interesting to note that cancer cells quickly adapt and evade most therapies by activating autophagy, a catabolic process designed to recycle damaged cellular components and provide energy. In this review, we discuss the role of autophagy and autophagy-associated proteins in breast cancer growth, drug sensitivity, tumor dormancy, stemness, and recurrence. We further explore how autophagy intersects and reduces the efficacy of endocrine therapies, targeted therapies, radiotherapy, chemotherapies as well as immunotherapy via modulating various intermediate proteins, miRs, and lncRNAs. Lastly, the potential application of autophagy inhibitors and bioactive molecules to improve the anticancer effects of drugs by circumventing the cytoprotective autophagy is discussed.

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Section: Complex Relationship Between Key Autophagic Proteins and Var...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Autophagy and Breast Cancer: Connected in Growth, Progression, and Therapy

Sharma

2023

Cells

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“…Indirectly, it kills resting and dividing lymphocytes. In a clinical test done on rheumatoid arthritis patients, the number of T cells and B cells decreased [ 34 , 43 , 44 ].…”

Section: Mechanism Of Action Of Plant Phytochemicals As Immunomodulatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plants and Plant‐Derived Molecules as Natural Immunomodulators

Zebeaman,

Tadesse,

Bachheti

et al. 2023

BioMed Research International

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Background. Nowadays, the immunomodulatory properties of plants have been studied extensively with greater interest due to increasing awareness and combating the severity of immunomodulatory diseases. Scope and Approach. This paper highlights the efficacy of the available literature evidence on natural immunomodulators of plant origin and synthetic ones. In addition, several aspects of plants and their phytoconstituents responsible for immunomodulation have been discussed. Moreover, this review also discusses the mechanism involved in immunomodulation. Key Findings. One hundred fifty medicinal immunomodulatory plants are currently identified to find novel immunomodulatory drugs. Of these plants, the plant family Asteraceae also takes the first rank by offering 18 plant species (12%). Similarly of the plants studied so far, 40% belong to the Asteraceae family. Echinacea purpurea of this family is most known for its immunostimulating activity. The most prominent immune-active bioactive molecules are polyphenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Also, eight plant bioactive immunomodulators were checked for clinical trials and found in the market. These are six immunosuppressants, resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, quercetin, colchicine, capsaicin, and andrographolide, and two immunostimulants, curcumin and genistein. Nowadays, there are a lot of polyherbal traditional medicinal products sold in the market and claimed to their immunomodulators. However, much work is still needed to find more active immunomodulatory agents. The mechanism by which immunomodulatory medicinal plant exert their effect is through the induction of cytokines and phagocyte cells and the inhibition of iNOS, PGE, and COX-2 synthesis.

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