Immunotherapy a New Hope for Cancer Treatment: A Review

Rouzbahani, Fatemeh Nouri; Shirkhoda, Mohammad; Memari, Feridon; Dana, Hassan; Chalbatani, Ghanbar Mahmoodi; Mahmoodzadeh, Habibollah; Samarghandi, Nasim; Gharagozlou, Elahe; Hadloo, Mohammad Hosein Mohammadi; Maleki, Ali Reza; Sadeghian, Ehsan; Nia, ElhamZainali; Nia, Nedazainali; Hadjilooei, Farimah; Rezaeian, Omid; Meghdadi, Saeed; Miri, SeyedRohollah; Jafari, Fatameh; Rayzan, Elham; Marmari, Vahid

doi:10.3923/pjbs.2018.135.150

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 163 publications

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“…According to recent estimates, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death (1.8 million deaths; 18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers [ 1 ]. In recent years, and overcoming disappointing results obtained over many decades, immunotherapeutic treatments have been clinically validated for the treatment of many cancers [ 2 ]. Among several immunotherapeutic modalities, antibody-based immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) aims at extending the antitumor activity of T cells by blocking the interaction of inhibitory receptors expressed on the surface of immune cells with one or more specific ligands typically overexpressed in tumor cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SAAL1, a novel oncogene, is associated with prognosis and immunotherapy in multiple types of cancer

Yang

Han

Chen

et al. 2022

Aging

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Serum amyloid A-like 1 (SAAL1) was recently identified as a novel oncogene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).To explore the potential role of SAAL1 in other cancers, we conducted a pan-cancer analysis of SAAL1 expression and its association with tumor microenvironment (TME) immunological profiles, sensitivity to chemotherapy agents, response to immunotherapy, and patient prognosis. SAAL1 was overexpressed in most malignant tumors in association with poor prognosis. Moreover, its expression was positively correlated with TME-relevant immune and mismatch signatures, immunostimulatory infiltrating cells (CD4 + memory T cells, activated NK cells, M1 macrophages, and cytotoxic CD8 + T cells), microsatellite instability (MSI), tumor mutational burden (TMB), neoantigen load, and immune checkpoint markers (PD-L1, LAG-3 and CTLA-4) in multiple cancers. SAAL1 overexpression was also associated with immunotherapy response and overall survival (OS) in bladder cancer (BLCA) patients who had received anti-PD-L1 treatment. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) further showed significant enrichment of SAAL1 in immune cell signaling, cell cycle, and cell adhesion pathways. Moreover, we detected tumor-specific correlations between SAAL1 expression and either chemoresistance or sensitivity to common chemotherapeutics. Lastly, we showed that SAAL1 silencing suppresses both malignant phenotype and expression of PD-L1 in lung cancer A549 cells in vitro. These findings suggest that SAAL1 contributes to tumorigenesis and antitumor immunity mechanisms in different cancer types, and may thus serve as both a prognostic biomarker and potential target for cancer immunotherapy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SAAL1, a novel oncogene, is associated with prognosis and immunotherapy in multiple types of cancer

Yang

Han

Chen

et al. 2022

Aging

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“…Even if radical resection is performed, 40%–65% of patients experience recurrence or metastasis after surgery, with survival time of less than a year. Inhibiting or activating certain immunological checkpoints [ 19 , 20 ] is one method in which the current immunotherapy approach focusing on the involvement of the immune milieu may revert the immune escape of malignancies. Clinical trials validating the efficacy of immune checkpoint therapy in treating malignancies have been conducted, and they are available for perusal [ 21 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chordin-Like 2: A Possible Therapeutic Target for Gastric Cancer by Affecting Cell Cycle and Proliferation

Zhou

Cao

Guan

et al. 2022

Journal of Oncology

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Purpose. This study aimed to examine the role of chordin-like 2 (CHRDL2) in gastric cancer. Methods. The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets were screened and the differentially expressed gene CHRDL2 was identified. The CHRDL2 expression was examined in the Human Protein Atlas and TCGA. Clinical data on gastric cancer were evaluated for their association with CHRDL2 by using TCGA and KM-plotter databases. The possible relationship amongst CHRDL2, immune cells, and related genes was investigated via the TIMER database. Enrichment analysis was performed using GO and KEGG pathways to explore the mechanisms. Results. Screening of databases revealed that CHRDL2 was a differentially expressed gene. An increase in cytoplasmic CHRDL2 expression was found in cancer tissues compared with the surrounding normal tissues. The data, together with those from TCGA and the KM-plotter databases, showed that patients with gastric cancer with high level of CHRDL2 have worse prognosis than those with low expression. A strong correlation was found between CHRDL2 expression and T stage, race, pathological grade, and pathological type according to clinical data analysis. CHRDL2 expression is linked to immune infiltration, as shown by the TIMER database. The data suggested that CHRDL2 plays a pivotal role in the tumor microenvironment of gastric cancer and might help tumor cells evade the immune system. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that CHRDL2 is involved in the chemokine signaling route, the intestinal immune network, the MAPK pathway, cell cycle, and the PI3K-Akt signaling system that are associated with the pathological processes of gastric cancer. Conclusion. Patients with gastric cancer with decreased CHRDL2 levels have dramatically improved OS, PFS, and PPS. CHRDL2 plays a pivotal role in enabling tumor cell immune evasion in tumor microenvironment, suggesting a function of this gene in the development of gastric cancer and its immune infiltration. Interfering with CHRDL2 may slow down the development of this malignancy by affecting cell cycle and apoptosis pathways.

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“…The immune system normally functions to identify and destroy abnormalities in cells, such as those that are cancerous (18). Immunotherapy uses this same method but enhances its effects through the use of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death 1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) (19). This type of therapy allows for the immune system to target specific cells while keeping toxicity to a minimum.…”

Section: Cancer Immunotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Analgesic Modalities on Postoperative Cancer Recurrence

et al. 2022

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: The potential for cancer cells to grow and to metastasize depends on complex interactions between inflammatory signals and pathways, immune cells, and elements of the stromal tissue in which they invade. Related to the nature of many cancers, the probability of recurrence can potentially be quite high for some patients. Immunology, lifestyle modifications, timing of disease, genetics, age, gender, and race are only a handful of ways the likelihood of cancer recurrence can be influenced. The quantity, or density, of certain immunological cells or factors, plays a role in the propagation of cancer cells. Opioids are often used in cancer patients for acute postoperative and chronic pain management. While they can produce significant pain relief, the type of analgesic utilized is important, as it may influence cancer propagation. In this regard, certain opioids have been found to increase T regulatory cells while suppressing NK cell function. Morphine may promote tumor neovascularization and expansion. Fentanyl administration significantly diminishes NK-cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells. In a recent meta-analysis, propofol-based anesthesia improved both cancer-free survival and overall survival. COX inhibitors have also shown promise in persevering cancer immune function, as in literature involving ketorolac and celecoxib. In summary, inhaled anesthesia and opioids may contribute to a pro-tumor metastasis environment also known as cancer propagation; whereas propofol and COX inhibitors may provide a better alternative to reduce cancer recurrence and propagation.

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Immunotherapy a New Hope for Cancer Treatment: A Review

Cited by 22 publications

References 163 publications

SAAL1, a novel oncogene, is associated with prognosis and immunotherapy in multiple types of cancer

SAAL1, a novel oncogene, is associated with prognosis and immunotherapy in multiple types of cancer

Chordin-Like 2: A Possible Therapeutic Target for Gastric Cancer by Affecting Cell Cycle and Proliferation

The Influence of Analgesic Modalities on Postoperative Cancer Recurrence

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