Immunotherapy against cancer: A comprehensive review

Abstract

The endeavor of this paper was to review cancer immunotherapy which means the modulating and using of the patient's own immune system to target the cancer cells rather than using an extrinsic means of therapy. The best way to prevent and remove infections is through the natural 'sterilising' action of the immune response that combines elements of both innate and adaptive immunity to ward off foreign pathogens without medical intervention. The use of immunostimulants, non-specific approach, for cancer therapy is one of the earliest approaches in immunotherapy that aims to enhance the activity of the lymphocytes that are already attacking to the tumour cells but are insufficient to produce a full-powered immune response. In this review, radioimmunotherapy (coupling a radioactive atom to a monoclonal antibody (mAb)), immunotoxins (generated by coupling plant-derived or bacterial toxins to mAbs), antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (an antibody is used as a vector to transfer an enzyme) and immunomodulators were among the discussed approaches to use mAbs as an anticancer. A new and promising immunotherapy that is especially highly effective against metastatic melanoma, adoptive cell therapy (ACT), and different cancer vaccines were also reviewed in detail.

Actualización general de inmunoterapia en cáncer

“…La inmunoterapia en cáncer consiste en uso de fármacos que ayudan al sistema inmunológico de un paciente, reconociendo y destruyendo de manera eficiente las células cancerosas. Sin embargo, en la actualidad, la definición más reconocida de inmunoterapia en cáncer es cualquier tratamiento que busque reducir la carga tumoral y genere memoria 5,6,[10][11][12] . La inmunoterapia estimula el sistema inmunológico para que reaccione contra los tumores, incluyendo, según utilización, de menor a mayor, uso de moléculas no específicas, vacunas, virus, terapia celular adaptativa y anticuerpos monoclonales inhibidores de puntos de control [10][11][12][13] .…”

Immunotherapy for Treatment of Cancer: A Review

“…"Passive" immunotherapy includes treatment with monoclonal antibodies, tumour adjuvant, and delivery of cytokines which directly initiate anticancer activity. 10 "Active" immunotherapy refers to the use of vaccination to stimulate patient own immune system; as a treatment, itself or as a cancer prophylaxis. 11 However, this is an ambiguous term, as some immunotherapy can be both active and passive therapy (e.g.…”

G-CSF-Mobilized Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: An Alternative Cellular Source for CAR Therapy

“…However, with recent advances in both molecular and cellular knowledge and a greater understanding of tumor functionality, numerous alternatives have emerged within the field of targeted immunotherapy. In this area, some therapies are highlighted such as monoclonal and bispecific antibodies, conjugated antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, and more recently adoptive cell therapy [2].…”