Immunotherapy and Prevention of Cancer by Nanovaccines Loaded with Whole‐Cell Components of Tumor Tissues or Cells

Abstract

Tumor tissues/cells are the best sources of antigens to prepare cancer vaccines. However, due to the difficulty of solubilization and delivery of water‐insoluble antigens in tumor tissues/cells, including water‐insoluble antigens into cancer vaccines and delivering such vaccines efficiently to antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) remain challenging. To solve these problems, herein, water‐insoluble components of tumor tissues/cells are solubilized by 8 m urea and thus whole components of micrometer‐sized tumor cells are reasssembled into nanosized nanovaccines. To induce maximized immunization efficacy, various antigens are loaded both inside and on the surface of nanovaccines. By encapsulating both water‐insoluble and water‐soluble components of tumor tissues/cells into nanovaccines, the nanovaccines are efficiently phagocytosed by APCs and showed better therapeutic efficacy than the nanovaccine loaded with only water‐soluble components in melanoma and breast cancer. Anti‐PD‐1 antibody and metformin can improve the efficacy of nanovaccines. In addition, the nanovaccines can prevent lung cancer (100%) and melanoma (70%) efficiently in mice. T cell analysis and tumor microenvironment analysis indicate that tumor‐specific T cells are induced by nanovaccines and both adaptive and innate immune responses against cancer cells are activated by nanovaccines. Overall, this study demonstrates a universal method to make tumor‐cell‐based nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy and prevention.

Trauma-Responsive Scaffold Synchronizing Oncolysis Immunization and Inflammation Alleviation for Post-Operative Suppression of Cancer Metastasis

“…Regarding the aforementioned issues, an autologous tumor cell vaccine may be an option well-suited to post-surgical management, since it self-provides a full set of tumor-associated patient-specific antigen epitopes. , Indeed, such a consideration has given rise to innovative attempts of developing a hydrogel matrix that encapsulates photosensitizer-loaded or coated cancer cells from resected tumors. After irradiation following the implantation in the surgical bed, the autologous tumor cells were transformed into an immunogenic vaccine and elicited a specific response against residual microtumors for personalized therapy. , Inspired by this, instead of turning tumors into a vaccine by inducing onsite oncolysis, we proposed to take one step ahead of current oncolytic therapy by locally delivering autologous cancer cells succumbing to oncolysis (ACCO) as an antitumor vaccine.…”

Nanostructured particles assembled from natural building blocks for advanced therapies

“…The scaling process may alter the physical properties of nanoparticles, especially the size. Nanoparticles with different sizes show different accumulation in vivo (e.g., the uptake by antigen-presenting cells occurs with nanoparticles with sizes of B300 nm, 489 whereas nanoparticles of B20 nm in size are ideal for optimal lymph node targeting nanovaccine 490 ). Furthermore, the design of nanoparticles should be compatible with upscaling toolboxes (e.g., automated microfluidic systems).…”

Nanovaccines for Cancer Prevention and Immunotherapy: An Update Review

“…The combination of immunotherapy with anti-PD-L1 antibody and nanovaccines revealed that anti-tumor immune responses were enhanced in a 4T1 breast cancer model [ 116 ]. In several other recent studies, it was revealed that the collaborative approaches using nano-based cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint blockers could improve the effectiveness of immunotherapy [ 122 , 123 , 124 ].…”