Immunotherapy Innovations in the Fight against Osteosarcoma: Emerging Strategies and Promising Progress

Abstract

Immunosuppressive elements within the tumor microenvironment are the primary drivers of tumorigenesis and malignant advancement. The presence, as well as the crosstalk between myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), osteosarcoma-associated macrophages (OS-Ms), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and endothelial cells (ECs) with osteosarcoma cells cause the poor prognosis of OS. In addition, the consequent immunosuppressive factors favor the loss of treatment potential. Nanoparticles offer a means to dynamically and locally manipulate immuno-nanoparticles, which present a promising strategy for transforming OS-TME. Additionally, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) technology is effective in combating OS. This review summarizes the essential mechanisms of immunosuppressive cells in the OS-TME and the current immune-associated strategies. The last part highlights the limitations of existing therapies and offers insights into future research directions.

LncRNA HOXA-AS3 promotes cell proliferation and invasion via targeting miR-218-5p/FOXP1 axis in osteosarcoma

“…Osteosarcoma patients have common symptoms, such as pain, swelling, limited joint movement and bone fractures 3 , 4 . The treatments of osteosarcoma include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immunotherapy 5 – 7 . Although early detection and conventional treatment have improved the survival rate of osteosarcoma, some patients have a worse prognosis due to drug resistance and distant metastasis 8 .…”