Immunotherapy of cancers comes of age

Abstract

Cancer immunotherapy has evolved and is aimed at generating the efficacious therapeutic modality to enhance the specificity and power of the immune system to combat tumors. Areas covered: Current efforts in cancer immunotherapy fall into three main approaches. One approach is through the blockade of immune checkpoints, another approach is through adoptive cellular therapy, and the last approach is through vaccination. The goal of this review is to summarize the current understanding and status of cancer immunotherapy in these three categories. Expert commentary: We foresee the development of therapeutic protocols combining these approaches with each other or conventional therapies to achieve the most appropriate guideline for management of cancer.

Enhancing Triple Negative Breast Cancer Immunotherapy by ICG‐Templated Self‐Assembly of Paclitaxel Nanoparticles

“…[7][8][9] Despite promising, the TNBC patients rarely benefit from current ICB therapy due to low immunogenicity and immunosuppressive tumor micro environment (ITM) of TNBC tumors. [7][8][9] Despite promising, the TNBC patients rarely benefit from current ICB therapy due to low immunogenicity and immunosuppressive tumor micro environment (ITM) of TNBC tumors.…”

“…therapy has ushered a new chapter for cancer therapy to elicit durable antitumor response and dramatically lengthen the surveillance of cancer patients. [7][8][9] Despite promising, the TNBC patients rarely benefit from current ICB therapy due to low immunogenicity and immunosuppressive tumor micro environment (ITM) of TNBC tumors. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Thus, complementary approaches to enhance the immunogenicity and reverse the ITM remain a formidable challenge for improving immunotherapy of TNBC.…”

B7-H3 and B7-H4 Expression in Breast Cancer and Their Association with Clinicopathological Variables and T Cell Infiltration

“…Despite advances in breast cancer treatment, effective therapies for advanced breast cancer have not yet been established. Immunotherapy has become a treatment of choice for patients with advanced cancer [3, 4]. Immune checkpoints are regulators of the immune system and are crucial for self-tolerance and antitumor immunity.…”

“…In recent years, cancer immunotherapy is at the forefront of cancer treatment. The major types of cancer immunotherapy include monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, and immune checkpoint inhibitors [3, 4]. Immune checkpoints are regulators of co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals that need to be activated or inactivated to initiate an immune response.…”

Genome-Editing Technologies in Adoptive T Cell Immunotherapy for Cancer

“…However, although able to potently re-activate anti-tumor T cells, checkpoint inhibitors can also lead to autoimmunity by dis-inhibiting self-reactive T cells. (48) CAR and tTCR T cells used in ACT are still subject to immunosuppression by tumors and the tumor micro-environment. Therefore gene-editing technologies have been recently applied to ACT to interrupt pathways controlling T-cell exhaustion.…”