Immunotherapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Magnetic PD-1 Peptide-Imprinted Polymer Nanocomposite and Natural Killer Cells

Abstract

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is a biomarker on the surface of cells with a role in promoting self-tolerance by suppressing the inflammatory activity of T cells. In this work, one peptide of PD-1 was used as the template for molecular imprinting to form magnetic peptide-imprinted poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) composite nanoparticles (MPIP NPs). The nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) analysis. Natural killer 92 (NK-92) cells were added to these composite nanoparticles and then incubated with human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. The viability and the apoptosis pathway of HepG2 were then studied using cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), respectively. These nanoparticles were found to significantly enhance the activity of natural killer cells toward HepG2 cells by increasing the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), caspase 8, and especially caspase 3.

Ceramide kinase regulates TNF-α-induced immune responses in human monocytic cells

“…Importantly, MAPK signaling molecules cooperate with each other as well as with other inflammatory pathways including NF-κB to elicit immune responses that are implicated in metabolic inflammation 47 , 48 . We previously reported the role of ERK, JNK and NF-κB signaling in the regulation of TNF-α-mediated expression of multiple inflammatory mediators such as IL-8, MCP-1 and MIP-1α in monocytes 36 , 49 , 50 . These studies collectively point to the significance of MAPK and NF-κB pathways in inflammation through the regulation of various inflammatory mediators.…”

Embedded Upconversion Nanoparticles in Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Photodynamic Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

“…The UCNP-embedded non-imprinted polymer-coated MC540/MNPs@NIPs/UCNPs were prepared identically, but without peptide addition. The coating of the EVAL, however, may reduce the cytotoxicity of the composite nanoparticles [ 22 ].…”

Cellular reprogramming with multigene activation by the delivery of CRISPR/dCas9 ribonucleoproteins via magnetic peptide-imprinted chitosan nanoparticles

“…Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) are magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) that are coated with tailor-made recognition polymers for biosensing [ 12 ], bioseparation [ 13 , 14 ] and delivery [ 13 , 15 , 16 ]. In our previous work, seven peptides (13–18 amino acids) were synthesized and used as templates for the imprinting and recognition of Regenerating Protein 1 [ 14 ].…”

“…In our previous work, seven peptides (13–18 amino acids) were synthesized and used as templates for the imprinting and recognition of Regenerating Protein 1 [ 14 ]. Recently, one peptide of programmed cell death protein 1 was used as the template for molecular imprinting to form magnetic peptide-imprinted poly(ethylene- co -vinyl alcohol) composite nanoparticles [ 16 ]. The delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system for in vitro genome editing [ 8 , 17 ], therapeutic applications [ 9 ], and challenges [ 18 ] have all been recently reviewed.…”