Immunotoxic effect of Benzo[α]Pyrene and chrysene in juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Abstract

The effects of benzo(a)pyrene (Bap) (0.03, 0.3 and 3 μg L−1) and chrysene (CHR) (0.3, 2.1 and 14.7 μg L−1) on the function of the immune system of juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were determined under laboratory conditions. This included the total hemocyte count (THC) in the hemolymph, phagocytic activityand pro-phenoloxidase (pro-PO) activity of the hemocyte, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, α2-macroglobulin (α2-M) activity, bacteriolytic activity and antibacterial activity in the hemolymph. The results showed that BaP and CHR could inhibit the immune function of L. vannamei significantly under high concentration BaP and CHR exposure. The results of this study indicated that the immunotoxicity of PAHs in a descending order was BaP>CHR. Moreover, the results indicated the THC in hemolymph, pro-PO activity and phagocytic activity of hemocyte, and bacteriolytic activity in hemolymphcould be used as potentially suitable biomarkersfor early warning indication of PAHs toxicity, this could provide useful information for toxic risk assessment of environmental pollutants.

Transcriptomic and Histological Analysis of the Greentail Prawn (Metapenaeus bennettae) Following Light Crude Oil Exposure

“…Impacts on innate immunity, nutrient and energy metabolism, and DNA repair pathways were evident in greentail prawn after short‐term exposure to light, unweathered crude oil contaminated sediments. The findings in our study indicate a number of potential biomarkers in prawns suitable for future oil extraction and spill monitoring programs, including immune response and proteolytic enzyme gene expression assays, immunotoxic biomarkers such as ProPO and phenoloxidase activity, and phagocytic activity (X. Ren et al, 2014a). Furthermore, innate immunity and proteolytic genes are known to be conserved in decapods (Fang et al, 2013; Lai & Aboobaker, 2017), suggesting these biomarkers could also be used for other decapod species.…”

“…To a lesser extent, assessments of DNA damage (Ren et al, 2015;Vijayavel & Balasubramanian, 2008), oxidative damage (Lavarías et al, 2011;Ren et al, 2015), and immunotoxic effects (X. Ren et al, 2014a) have also been used to determine the effects of petroleum hydrocarbon exposure. However, PAH exposure biomarkers do not always predict ecologically relevant impacts of crude oil exposure, including changes in survival, behavior, growth, or reproduction (reviewed in Hook, Mondon, Revill, Greenfield, Stephenson, et al, 2018).…”

“…To date, decapod responses to hydrocarbon exposure has been determined using multiple analytical approaches: cytochrome P450s (CYP) and other stress–response transcript expression (Dam et al, 2008; Lavarías et al, 2011; Ren et al, 2015), oxidative stress and xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities (Gravato et al, 2014; Luís & Guilhermino, 2012; X. Y. Ren et al, 2014b), and PAH metabolite concentrations (Douglas et al, 2018; Nudi et al, 2010; Silva et al, 2013). To a lesser extent, assessments of DNA damage (Ren et al, 2015; Vijayavel & Balasubramanian, 2008), oxidative damage (Lavarías et al, 2011; Ren et al, 2015), and immunotoxic effects (X. Ren et al, 2014a) have also been used to determine the effects of petroleum hydrocarbon exposure. However, PAH exposure biomarkers do not always predict ecologically relevant impacts of crude oil exposure, including changes in survival, behavior, growth, or reproduction (reviewed in Hook, Mondon, Revill, Greenfield, Stephenson, et al, 2018).…”