Immunotoxic Effects of Organotin Compounds in Teleost Fish

Nakayama, Ayako; Segner, Helmut; Kawai, Shinichiro

doi:10.1007/978-4-431-85709-9_12

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Chemicals impair the immunocompetence of exposed organisms through a variety of mechanisms, including interference with signalling pathways in immune cells, suppressing immune functions such as oxidative burst activity, induction of apoptosis (Bols et al 2001;Köllner et al 2002;Reynaud and Deschaux 2006;Nakayama et al 2009), but also through trade-offs between energetically costly immune defenses and the energy demands of the toxicant defense (cf. Segner et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunotoxic effects of environmental toxicants in fish — how to assess them?

Segner

Wenger

Möller

et al. 2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Numerous environmental chemicals, both long-known toxicants such as persistent organic pollutants as well as emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, are known to modulate immune parameters of wildlife species, what can have adverse consequences for the fitness of individuals including their capability to resist pathogen infections. Despite frequent field observations of impaired immunocompetence and increased disease incidence in contaminant-exposed wildlife populations, the potential relevance of immunotoxic effects for the ecological impact of chemicals is rarely considered in ecotoxicological risk assessment. A limiting factor in the assessment of immunotoxic effects might be the complexity of the immune system what makes it difficult (1) to select appropriate exposure and effect parameters out of the many immune parameters which could be measured, and (2) to evaluate the significance of the selected parameters for the overall fitness and immunocompetence of the organism. Here, we present - on the example of teleost fishes - a brief discussion of how to assess chemical impact on the immune system using parameters at different levels of complexity and integration: immune mediators, humoral immune effectors, cellular immune defenses, macroscopical and microscopical responses of lymphoid tissues and organs, and host resistance to pathogens. Importantly, adverse effects of chemicals on immunocompetence may be detectable only after immune system activation, e.g., after pathogen challenge, but not in the resting immune system of non-infected fish. Current limitations to further development and implementation of immunotoxicity assays and parameters in ecotoxicological risk assessment are not primarily due to technological constraints, but are related from insufficient knowledge of (1) possible modes of action in the immune system, (2) the importance of intra- and inter-species immune system variability for the response against chemical stressors, and (3) deficits in conceptual and mechanistic assessment of combination effects of chemicals and pathogens.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunotoxic effects of environmental toxicants in fish — how to assess them?

Segner

Wenger

Möller

et al. 2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Tributyltin (TBT)-based antifouling paints have been used since the 1970s in solid surfaces directly exposed to sea water (ship hulls, aquaculture nets, offshore structures, buoys, and ducts) to avoid an undesirable accumulation of marine organisms (fouling) [8,9]. Meanwhile, several deleterious environmental effects have been related to their application, such as malformation in oysters [10], immunosuppression in dolphins [11], immuntoxicity in fish [12], imposex, decline of gastropod populations [13], and metabolic disruption in fish [14]. Hence, in the early 1980s, many countries started to adopt restrictive regulations on the use of TBT-based marine coatings on boats less than 25 m long.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imposex reduction and residual butyltin contamination in southern Brazilian harbors

Castro

Rossato

Fillmann

2012

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The imposex incidence was appraised in South American gastropods, considering the scenario before and after the global ban of tributyltin (TBT). A statistically significant reduction in imposex indexes was observed in Stramonita haemastoma collected in 2006 and 2010 from areas under the influence of four coastal harbors from southern Brazil. This reduction may be because of the effectiveness of the global ban issued by the International Maritime Organization, although the restrictions on TBT-based antifouling paints in Brazil might also have helped. Even so, a residual organotin contamination was still detected in female tissues (levels ranged from 7.6 to 164.9 ng Sn/g for TBT; from <2 to 214.5 ng Sn/g for dibutyltin; from <3.5 to 178.8 ng Sn/g for monobutyltin; and from <1.5 to 53 ng Sn/g for triphenyltin). Thus, although a reduction in imposex and environmental levels of organotins is expected in every ocean worldwide soon after the implementation of national and international restriction regulations, this will depend on the effectiveness of the global TBT ban; the effectiveness of local restrictions on producing, selling, and using TBT-based antifouling paints; and specific characteristics of local sediments, because metabolization rates and sorption/desorption of TBT previously deposited might affect its environmental bioavailability. Therefore, the reduction trend detected in the present study cannot be extrapolated to other Brazilian or South American coastal areas.

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“…TBT-based antifouling paints were extensively used starting in the 1970s; meanwhile, several to their application were reported (Yebra et al 2004). Examples include oyster malformation (Alzieu 2000), immuntoxicity in fish and mammals (Yang et al 2006;Nakayama et al 2009), imposex, and decline of gastropod populations (Horiguchi et al 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

Pugilina morio L., a New Imposex Exhibitor from South American Estuarine Environments: Approach for a Non-Lethal Method to Evaluate Imposex

Azevedo

Rocha‐Barreira

Matthews-Cascon

et al. 2012

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

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This is the first report on imposex occurrence in Pugilina morio. Imposex levels in P. morio from Ceará River Estuary were assessed by a non-lethal method. The obtained imposex parameters were: percentage = 37.1 %, female penis length index (FPLI) = 0.93 mm, relative penis length index (RPLI) = 6.5 %, and vas deferens sequence index (VDSI) = 1.0. Because imposex is induced by tributyltin, and P. morio is widely distributed on the East coast of South America, the species can be used as a tributyltin contamination sentinel in these estuaries. Additionally, a non-lethal method of evaluating imposex minimized the impact on the population of P. morio from sample collection, as all organisms were returned to the environment.

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Immunotoxic Effects of Organotin Compounds in Teleost Fish

Cited by 8 publications

References 41 publications

Immunotoxic effects of environmental toxicants in fish — how to assess them?

Immunotoxic effects of environmental toxicants in fish — how to assess them?

Imposex reduction and residual butyltin contamination in southern Brazilian harbors

Pugilina morio L., a New Imposex Exhibitor from South American Estuarine Environments: Approach for a Non-Lethal Method to Evaluate Imposex

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