Immunotoxicity of skin acid secretion produced by the sea slug Berthellina citrina in mice spleen: Histological and Immunohistochemical study

Awaad, Aziz; Moustafa, Alaa Y.

doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2016.06.005

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In the present study, mice spleens treated with SAS exhibited the same histopathological abnormalities such as a high number of megakaryocytes, cytoplasmic degeneration, collagen fibers induction, and white pulp follicles were atrophied. These data are in accordance with the results from the previous study, which showed that SAS induced an increase in megakaryocytes and a decrease in the number of splenocytes in the spleen [15]. Regarding toads, interestingly, the results were much similar considering the histological differences between mice' and toads' spleens.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Using an animal feeding needle a single dose of 25 mg/kg from SAS was orally administered daily to mice as well as toads for 3 weeks, this group termed as SAS-treated group. While animals were administrated with SAS extract (25 mg/kg) [15] for 3 weeks and simultaneously administrated with a preventive dose of Vit. E (100 mg/kg) for 5 weeks [22] termed as Vit.…”

Section: Experimental Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, studies about the histopathological and toxic abnormalities of SAS on higher tetrapods such as mammalians are rare. Awaad and Moustafa [15] reported that skin acid secretions (SAS) from the sea slug Berthellina citrina produced many histopathological and immunotoxicity in the mice's spleen. Acidosis increases the inflammation of blood vessels in vitro and in vivo studies [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative Histopathological Abnormalities Induced by Berthellina Citrina Acid Secretion in Some Organs of Toad and Mice and the Role of Vitamin E

Awaad,

El-Saraf,

Y. Moustafa

2024

Sohag Journal of Sciences

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Many marine mollusca secrete sulfuric and hydrochloric acids as a defensive mechanism. Herein, we investigated the histological and histochemical abnormalities of skin acid secretion (SAS) extract toxicity of the sea slug Berthellina citrina after oral administration in mice and toads comparatively, including the spleen, liver, stomach, ileum, and kidney. This study also investigated whether vitamin E (Vit. E) could reduce the toxic effects of SAS. The treated spleens of mice and toads with SAS showed atrophy in the white pulp, a decrease in the splenocyte density, megakaryocytes cytoplasmic degeneration, inflammatory cell infiltration and the number of white and red pulp splenocytes decreased. Additionally, the megakaryocyte size increased compared to the control. The treated liver sections of mice and toads also exhibited general inflammation, fibrosis, vasodilation, and angiogenesis. The treated stomachs of mice and toads showed degeneration in the mucosal layer. The treated ileum of mice and toads showed lamina propria detattachment, leukocyte infiltration, and enlargement of villi size. Furthermore, the kidneys of mice treated with SAS showed shrinkage in glomeruli size while toads exhibited enlargement. This demonstrates the potential toxicity of SAS. Vit. E was induced as a protective dose along with SAS administration. Vit. E was able to reduce the adverse effects of SAS extract in both mice and toads. Additionally, this study showed that, Vit. E can protect against SAS-induced toxicity. Generally, Vit. E improved hemoglobin, leukocytes, and lymphocytes number. This study showed important data about the toxicity of SAS and the ameliorative role of Vit. E in reducing SAS side effects.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Experimental Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative Histopathological Abnormalities Induced by Berthellina Citrina Acid Secretion in Some Organs of Toad and Mice and the Role of Vitamin E

Awaad,

El-Saraf,

Y. Moustafa

2024

Sohag Journal of Sciences

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“…Di Sabatino and colleagues showed that even diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis are affected by the hyposplenism [ 19 ]. This implicates that the spleen is involved in the development and/ or maintenance of this autoimmune disease and underlines the hypothesis that the spleen has important role in the induction of the immune response [ 19 , 45 , 46 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Participation of the spleen in the IgA immune response in the gut

et al. 2018

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The role of the spleen in the induction of an immune response to orally administered antigens is still under discussion. Although it is well known that after oral antigen administration specific germinal centres are not only formed in the Peyers patches (PP) and the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) but also in the spleen, there is still a lack of functional data showing a direct involvement of splenic B cells in an IgA immune response in the gut. In addition, after removal of mLN a high level of IgA+ B cells was observed in the gut. Therefore, in this study we analysed the role of the spleen in the induction of IgA+ B cells in the gut after mice were orally challenged with antigens. Here we have shown that antigen specific splenic IgM+ B cells after in vitro antigen stimulation as well as oral immunisation of donor mice were able to migrate into the gut of recipient mice, where they predominantly switch to IgA+ plasma cells. Furthermore, stimulation of recipient mice by orally administered antigens enhanced the migration of the splenic B cells into the gut as well as their switch to IgA+ plasma cells. Removal of the mLN led to a higher activation level of the splenic B cells. Altogether, our results imply that splenic IgM+ B cells migrate in the intestinal lamina propria, where they differentiate into IgA+ plasma cells and subsequently proliferate. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the spleen plays a major role in the gut immune response serving as a reservoir of immune cells that migrate to the site of antigen entrance.

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“…The heart organ is born with the help of the liver and plays important roles in maintaining healthy blood and blood vessels [21]. The spleen is generated by the virtue of the heart's assistance and has jurisdiction for the preservation of resilient skin in the human body [22]. The spleen assists in the creation of the lung, which is the last generated among the five representative organs, and the lung takes charge of the skin pores [10,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Analysis for the Effects of Medicine Supplies to a Solid Tumor

2021

Symmetry

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Objective: 1. Interpretation of the variations of solute medicine amount in blood vessels and TAF concentration with respect to the flow rates of injected drugs into liver and heart. 2. Description of the alteration of tumor cell density versus the time and radius variations. Methodology: Step 1. Compartmental analysis is adopted for the concentration of chemotaxis caused by injected substances and based on the assumption: two different medicines and are injected into heart and liver to recover the functions of each organ, respectively, without any side effects. Step 2. A partial differential equation is derived for the growth of TAF considering the diffusion of TAF and the rate of decay of TAF according to the disturbance of medicine in blood vessels. Step 3. A partial differential equation is derived for the motion of tumor cells in the lights of random motility and chemotaxis in response to TAF gradients. Step 4. Exact solutions are obtained for the concentration of chemotaxis caused by injected substances and under the assumption that the loss of mass is proportional to mass itself. Step 5. Exact solution is obtained for the partial differential equation describing the growth of TAF using the separation of variables. Step 6. A finite volume approach is executed to search approximated solutions due to the complexity of the partial differential equation describing the motion of tumor cells. Results: 1. The concentration of medicine ( decreases as the ratio of flow rate from heart into vessel to flow rate from liver into heart ( increases. 2. TAF concentration increases with the growth of the value of ratio and TAF shows the smallest concentration when the flow rate of each injected medicine is similar. 3. Tumor cells react highly sensitive as soon as medicine supplies and tumor cell’s density is decreased drastically at the moment of medicine injection. 4. Tumor cell density decreases exponentially at an early stage and the density decrease is developed in a fluctuating manner along the radius. Conclusions: 1. The presented mathematical approach has the potential for the profound analysis of the variations of solute medicine amount in blood vessels, TAF concentration, and the alteration of tumor cell density according to the functional recoveries of liver and heart. 2. The mathematical approach may be applicable in the investigation of tumor cell’s behavior on the basis of complex interaction among five represented organs: kidney, liver, heart, spleen, and lung. A mathematical approach is developed to describe the variation of a solid tumor cell density in response to drug supply. The investigation is progressed based on the assumption that two different medicines, and are injected into heart and liver with flow rates and to recover the functions of each organ, respectively. A medicine function system for the reactions of tumor angiogenic factors (TAF) to medicine injection is obtained using a compartmental analysis. The mathematical governing equations for tumor cells motion are derived taking into account random motility and chemotaxis in response to TAF gradients and a finite volume method with time-changing is adopted to obtain numerical solutions due to the complexity of the governing equations. The variation of the flow rates and exerts profound influences on the concentration of medicine, and similar flow rate of and produces the greatest amount of medicine in blood vessels and suppresses strong inhibition in TAF movement. Tumor cells react very sensitively to drug injection and the tumor cell density decreases to less than 20% at an early stage of administration. However, the density of tumor cell diminishes slowly after the early stage of sudden change and the duration for complete therapy of tumor cells requires a long time.

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Immunotoxicity of skin acid secretion produced by the sea slug Berthellina citrina in mice spleen: Histological and Immunohistochemical study

Cited by 9 publications

References 28 publications

Comparative Histopathological Abnormalities Induced by Berthellina Citrina Acid Secretion in Some Organs of Toad and Mice and the Role of Vitamin E

Comparative Histopathological Abnormalities Induced by Berthellina Citrina Acid Secretion in Some Organs of Toad and Mice and the Role of Vitamin E

Participation of the spleen in the IgA immune response in the gut

Mathematical Analysis for the Effects of Medicine Supplies to a Solid Tumor

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