Immunotoxicology: challenges in the 21st century and in vitro opportunities

Hartung, Thomas; Corsini, Emanuela

doi:10.14573/altex.2013.4.411

Cited by 52 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…ttCs were first used for carcinogens, but the concept has also been adapted to reproductive toxicity testing (van Ravenzwaay et al, 2011). We argued in a similar way in the context of immunotoxicity (Hartung and Corsini, 2013), showing that clinical immunosuppressants require mg/kg quantities to exert their effects and that this could be used for establishing ttC for substances not optimized for this purpose.…”

Section: Consideration 6: Green Toxicology As a Driver Of 21 St Centumentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Some positive examples exist, especially in the field of aquatic toxicity (Voutchkova et al, 2010a(Voutchkova et al, ,b, 2011, but this is arguably an easy case, where lipophilicity is key to uptake and thus a hazard. this does not mean, however, that helpful estimates for more complex hazards, such as immunotoxicity (Hartung and Corsini, 2013), developmental neurotoxicity (Smirnova et al, 2014) or endocrine disruption (Juberg et al, 2014), could not be done.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Green Toxicology

Maertens¹,

Anastas²,

Spencer³

et al. 2014

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Section: Consideration 6: Green Toxicology As a Driver Of 21 St Centumentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Toxicology

Maertens¹,

Anastas²,

Spencer³

et al. 2014

ALTEX

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“…As these are foreign materials, such as proteins different from those of the laboratory animal species, animals will often develop (neutralising) antibodies and can even develop anaphylactic reactions if chronically treated. While traditional toxicological endpoints are of similar relevance, the immunomodulatory properties of these entities require additional focus (Hartung and Corsini, 2013). Often, production is also more difficult to standardise, requiring batch release tests (as is well known for traditional vaccines).…”

Section: New Products Not Suitable For Traditional Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Possible examples of continuously increasing health problems include atherosclerosis, male infertility and other possible manifestations of endocrine disruption, autism and other developmental behavioural disorders (Smirnova et al, 2014), immunotoxicity (Hartung and Corsini, 2013), childhood asthma and other obstructive lung diseases, obesity, and diabetes. This is not to suggest that these health problems are caused by environmental chemicals, but that their unclear etiology and, in most cases, increasing numbers, suggest the need for testing.…”

Section: New Hazards Not Coveredmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of toxicological science: the need for change

Hartung

2017

IJRAM

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Evolution requires change but the field of toxicology has not kept pace. The top ten problems urging change are: 1) disparity of testing requirements and risk acceptance for different products and geographical areas; 2) throughput and testing costs versus testing needs; 3) limited predictivity for humans; 4) precautionary approaches from drug development adapted to other areas; 5) animal use; 6) traditional tests unsuitable for new products; 7) lack of coverage for new hazards; 8) failure to address mixtures of toxicants; 9) lack of coverage for individual susceptibilities and vulnerable subpopulations; 10) poor basic research and publication standards. The intransigence at the root of these problems is discussed with reference to current international toxicological policies and methods. For each, the limitations are reviewed with reference to key literature. While current approaches are still needed, there is room for substantial change. To meet the challenges of the 21st century, revolution rather than evolution is required.

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“…Todavia, estudos demonstram que, em pesquisas sobre toxicidade, experiências com animais são insuficientes para fornecer benefícios substanciais que permitam o desenvolvimento de pesquisas clínicas em humanos (Knight, 2007a, Hartung andCorsini, 2013). Pesquisas sobre processo inflamatório em roedores evidenciam que os animais não são bons modelos para humanos, em estudos onde é possível comparar resultados clínicos em espécies diferentes (Leist and Hartung, 2013 (Jomaa et al, 2014).…”

Section: Estudos Toxicológicosunclassified

Propostas pedagógicas substitutivas ao uso de animais no ensino superior: uma revisão

Carniatto

2017

Pubvet

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RESUMO.Animais são utilizados em atividades de ensino e pesquisa há vários séculos, principalmente em estudos relacionados à anatomia, fisiologia e recentemente à farmacologia; são, também, utilizados em aulas práticas e em atividades didáticas de diversos cursos de graduação. Entretanto, com a crescente discussão sobre os direitos dos animais não humanos, e cientes da responsabilidade do homem na conservação do planeta e na manutenção da biodiversidade, se faz necessário desenvolver recursos alternativos ao uso de animais no ensino e na pesquisa no nível superior. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o uso de métodos substitutivos à experimentação animal, através de consultas a periódicos nacionais e internacionais relacionados à bioética, experimentação animal, vivissecção e recursos alternativos. Foram encontrados métodos substitutos à experimentação animal, que podem ser aplicados em cursos superiores no Brasil, sobretudo em estudos e pesquisas biomédicas, farmacêuticas e toxicológicas. O uso de animais em atividades práticas, onde estes são sacrificados apenas para observação de estruturas anatômicas ou visualização de processos fisiológicos já conhecidos e estabelecidos, pode ser substituído por gravações e/ou modelos anatômicos. O uso de recursos alternativos é um processo tecnológico, porém lento, que deve ser desenvolvido, implantado e incentivado pelo professor universitário, afirmando sua responsabilidade social e científica.Palavras chave: Bioética, didática no ensino superior, experimentação animal Pedagogical proposals for the use of animals in higher education: a review ABSTRACT. Animals are used in teaching and research activities for centuries, especially in studies related to anatomy, physiology and, recently, pharmacology; they are also used in practical classes and educational activities of undergraduate courses. However, with the growing discussion on the rights of nonhuman animals, and aware of the responsibility of man in the preservation of the planet and in maintaining biodiversity, it is necessary to develop alternative resources to the use of animals in teaching and research in higher education. This study aimed to investigate the use of substitutive methods to animal testing, consultation national and international journals related to bioethics, animal experimentation, vivisection and alternative resources. There are substitute's methods to animal testing, which can be applied to higher education in Brazil, especially in education and biomedical, pharmaceutical and toxicological researches. The use of animals in practical activities where they are sacrificed just to observe anatomical structures or visualization physiological processes that are already known and established, can be replaced by recordings or anatomical models. The use of alternative resources is a technological process, though slow, which should be developed, deployed, and encouraged by the professor, saying his social and scientific responsibility.

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Immunotoxicology: challenges in the 21st century and in vitro opportunities

Cited by 52 publications

References 106 publications

Green Toxicology

Green Toxicology

Evolution of toxicological science: the need for change

Propostas pedagógicas substitutivas ao uso de animais no ensino superior: uma revisão

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