Immunovirological parameters and cytokines in HIV infection

Abstract

Although modern combined antiretroviral therapies (cART) result in lower morbidity and mortality and a visible improvement of clinical and laboratory parameters in HIV-infected, it is known that their long-term use contributes to appearance of the many events unrelated to AIDS such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and osteoporosis, comorbidities which have been proposed as some of the most important that deprive the majority of infected to present an even better prognosis. This is because even with a decrease in inflammation and immune activation after drug intervention to the patient, these parameters remain higher than those shown by healthy individuals and the imbalance of cytokine profiles also persists. Therefore, evaluations of other biomarkers in clinical practice are needed to complement the exams already carried out routinely and allow more effective monitoring of HIV patients. This review aims to investigate the role of cytokines as potential markers showing studies on their behavior in various stages of HIV infection, with or without cART.

Vagal dysfunction and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

“…70–72 To our knowledge a role for the CAR in HIV-associated chronic inflammation has not been documented, although a significant body of literature has examined abnormalities of soluble immune mediators in HIV, most of which focuses on increases in absolute levels of individual molecules and pathways. 2,59,73,74 A much smaller literature describes findings akin to ours with alteration in cytokine networks characterized by increased numbers and strength of correlations between cytokines of various classes. When detected, this latter phenomenon has been interpreted as maladaptive rigidity in cytokine responses evoked by the antigenic stimulus of chronic viral infection.…”

Serum Cytokines Predict Neurological Damage in Genetically Diverse Mouse Models

“…However, low levels of IL-5 have been associated with disease progression in HIV infection [84,85], and while GM-CSF has been suggested as a possible treatment for neutropenia in AIDS patients, increased infiltration of inflammatory mediators in some patients is alarming [86]. Overall, the cyto/chemokine profile of TMEV-infected CC023 mice is reminiscent of HIV infection [87], characterized by insufficient protection from the virus and its physical consequences. Furthermore, the chemokine Eotaxin modulates susceptibility to disease progression following HIV infection [88,89]; levels of Eotaxin were significantly different between CC023 females and males, with control vs. infected mice having opposite levels.…”

Asymptomatic HIV People Present Different Profiles of sCD14, sRAGE, DNA Damage, and Vitamins, according to the Use of cART and CD4+T Cell Restoration

“…In HIV infection, there is imbalance not only of the Th17 profile but also of Th1, Th2, and regulatory T cells (Treg). Additionally, large numbers of inflammatory cytokines are found in HIV-positive patients, which may influence the development to AIDS and the onset of non-AIDS comorbidities [ 41 ]. IL-10 is a regulator of the inflammatory immune response [ 42 ].…”