Impact angle control of local intense d$B$/d$t$ variations during shock-induced substorms

Abstract

We perform a comparative study of geospace and ground multi-instrument response to two similarly strong shocks with different orientations • Energetic particle injections and dB/dt variations are faster and more intense in the nearly frontal case due to symmetric compression • Areas with intense dB/dt peaks are larger and occur earlier in the first case due to the symmetric compression by the head-on shock