“…Beyond Thailand, irrigation management-related studies across countries mostly found PIM principles not sufficient to bind farmers in participating in collective activities (Fałkowski et al , 2017; Luo et al , 2018; Marshall, 2004). Most of the water user group (WUG) was hardly successful in meeting expected outcomes (Faysse et al , 2020; Kumnerdpet and Sinclair, 2010; Palmer-Jones et al , 2012). Similar studies on collective action for PIM used socio-demographic factors, farm characteristics, water scarcity, irrigation infrastructure and political factors with collective action problems (Araral, 2009; Chaudhry, 2018; Nagrah et al , 2016; Ricks, 2015).…”