Impact of a Spatial Repellent on Malaria Incidence in Two Villages in Sumba, Indonesia

Syafruddin, Din; Bangs, Michael J.; Sidik, Dian; Elyazar, Iqbal; Asih, Puji Budi Setia; Chan, Krisin; Nurleila, Siti; Nixon, Christian P.; Hendarto, Joko; Wahid, Isra; Ishak, Hasanuddin; Bøgh, Claus; Grieco, John P.; Achee, Nicole L.; Baird, J. Kevin

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0735

Cited by 83 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Syafruddin et al have conducted a proof-of-concept double-blind placebo-controlled field trial using spatial repellents disbursed from burning coils. This trial recorded an approximately 50% reduction in malaria infections in repellent-protected properties (Syafruddin et al, 2014). They emphasize the need for repellents able to achieve the same effects without combustion in order to develop practical public health interventions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using evolution to generate sustainable malaria control with spatial repellents

Lynch

Boots

2016

eLife

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Evolution persistently undermines vector control programs through insecticide resistance. Here we propose a novel strategy which instead exploits evolution to generate and sustain new control tools. Effective spatial repellents are needed to keep vectors out of houses. Our approach generates such new repellents by combining a high-toxicity insecticide with a candidate repellent initially effective against only part of the vector population. By killing mosquitoes that enter treated properties the insecticide selects for vector phenotypes deflected by the repellent, increasing efficacy of the repellent against the target vector population and in turn protecting the insecticide against the spread of insecticide resistance. Using such evolved spatial repellents offers an evolutionarily sustainable, ‘double-dip’ system of disease control combining mortality and repellence. We formalize this idea using models which explore vector population genetics and disease transmission probabilities and show that using evolved spatial repellents is theoretically achievable, effective and sustainable.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15416.001

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using evolution to generate sustainable malaria control with spatial repellents

Lynch

Boots

2016

eLife

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“…Six studies were excluded: three studies only had two units of randomization (Abdulsalam 2014; Hamza 2016; Kimani 2006); one study did not specify in the published article the repellent compound that was used — we contacted the corresponding author but did not receive a response (Deressa 2014); and two were not RCTs or cRCTs (Dadzie 2013; Eamsila 1994). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquito repellents for malaria prevention

Maia

Kliner

Richardson

et al. 2018

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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BackgroundMalaria is an important cause of illness and death across endemic regions. Considerable success against malaria has been achieved within the past decade mainly through long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs). However, elimination of the disease is proving difficult as current control methods do not protect against mosquitoes biting outdoors and when people are active. Repellents may provide a personal protection solution during these times.ObjectivesTo assess the impact of topical repellents, insecticide-treated clothing, and spatial repellents on malaria transmission.Search methodsWe searched the following databases up to 26 June 2017: the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; the Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), published in the Cochrane Library; MEDLINE; Embase; US AFPMB; CAB Abstracts; and LILACS. We also searched trial registration platforms and conference proceedings; and contacted organizations and companies for ongoing and unpublished trials.Selection criteriaWe included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster-randomized controlled trials of topical repellents proven to repel mosquitoes; permethrin-treated clothing; and spatial repellents such as mosquito coils. We included trials that investigated the use of repellents with or without LLINs, referred to as insecticide-treated nets.Data collection and analysisTwo review authors independently reviewed trials for inclusion, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias. A third review author resolved any discrepancies. We analysed data by conducting meta-analysis and stratified by whether the trials had included LLINs. We combined results from cRCTs with individually RCTs by adjusting for clustering and presented results using forest plots. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence.Main resultsEight cRCTs and two RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Six trials investigated topical repellents, two trials investigated insecticide-treated clothing, and two trials investigated spatial repellents.Topical repellentsSix RCTS, five of them cluster-randomized, investigated topical repellents involving residents of malaria-endemic regions. Four trials used topical repellents in combination with nets, but two trials undertaken in displaced populations used topical repellents alone. It is unclear if topical repellents can prevent clinical malaria (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.4 to 1.07, very low certainty evidence) or malaria infection (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.12, low-certainty evidence) caused by P. falciparum. It is also unclear if there is any protection against clinical cases of P. vivax (RR 1.32, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.76, low-certainty evidence) or incidence of infections (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.41, low-certainty evidence). Subgroup analysis of trials including insecticide-treated nets did not show a protective effect of topical repellents against malaria. Only two studies did not include insecticide-treated nets, and they measured different outcomes; one reported a protective effect against clinical case...

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“…sundaicus (Rodenwaldt) and house entry behavior of Ae. aegypti (Achee et al 2012, Syafruddin et al 2014. Emanators containing 5% and 10% metofluthrin suppressed the biting rate of Ae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi-Field Evaluation of Metofluthrin-Impregnated Nets on Host-SeekingAedes aegyptiandAnopheles dirus

Ponlawat

Kankaew

Chanaimongkol

et al. 2016

Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association

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The efficacy of a metofluthrin-impregnated net (MIN) known as the "Mushikonazu" on the house entry behavior of female Aedes aegypti and Anopheles dirus mosquitoes was evaluated using a semi-field 50-m tunnel setup. While the MIN is labeled for the control of chironomids and moth flies, this study determined the feasibility of using the device, given its current construction and metofluthrin formulation, as a spatial repellent against mosquitoes. Sentinel and cone bioassays were used to determine the insecticidal effect of the MIN. A spatial activity index (SAI) was calculated to evaluate responses of the mosquitoes. For the spatial repellent evaluation against Ae. aegypti, the overall mean of SAI was slightly less than 0 at wk 1 after the MIN application and then decreased for the last 4 wk showing a preference to treatment tent. For An. dirus, the mean SAI at wk 1 was positive, indicating a presumed repellent effect of the MIN against An. dirus. For the subsequent 4 wk, the SAI was negative, indicating a preference for the MIN. Results suggested that the MIN may not be a promising approach to repel Ae. aegypti and An. dirus under field conditions in Thailand. However, it remains probable that the MIN may be effective as a spatial repellent if modifications are made to the metofluthrin concentration or formulation and/or the construction of the device.

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Impact of a Spatial Repellent on Malaria Incidence in Two Villages in Sumba, Indonesia

Cited by 83 publications

References 37 publications

Using evolution to generate sustainable malaria control with spatial repellents

Using evolution to generate sustainable malaria control with spatial repellents

Mosquito repellents for malaria prevention

Semi-Field Evaluation of Metofluthrin-Impregnated Nets on Host-SeekingAedes aegyptiandAnopheles dirus

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