Impact of Age and Body Site on Adult Female Skin Surface pH

Schreml, Stephan; Zeller, V.; Meier, Robert J.; Körting, Hans Christian; Behm, Barbara; Landthaler, Míchael; Babilas, Philipp

doi:10.1159/000337029

Cited by 43 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…In moderately aged (50 to 80 years) individuals, abnormal stratum corneum acidification results in delayed lipid processing, delayed permeability barrier recovery, and abnormal stratum corneum integrity, ion transport and turnover. [40][41][42][43] Flattening of the dermo-epidermal junction at sites that were highly corrugated in youth is the most consistent change found in aged skin 44 and is due primarily to a retraction of the rete ridges. 30 This reduced interdigitation between epidermis and dermis results is less resistance to shearing forces 13,22 as well as a reduced supply of nutrients and oxygen.…”

Section: Epidermismentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction to skin aging

Tobin

2017

Journal of Tissue Viability

459

335

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Section: Epidermismentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction to skin aging

Tobin

2017

Journal of Tissue Viability

459

335

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“…In postmenopausal compared with premenopausal woman the pH increased from 4.7 to 5.0. Well documented are an increased SC pH and a reduced buffer capacity in the elderly …”

Section: Ph Of the Healthy Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

pH in nature, humans and skin

Proksch

2018

The Journal of Dermatology

413

273

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The pH plays an important physiological role in nature and humans. pH varies from 1 to 8 in human organs with tight regulation in blood and epithelia of barrier organs. The physiological pH of the stratum corneum is 4.1-5.8 and several mechanisms contribute to its formation: filaggrin degradation, fatty acid content, sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE1) activation and melanosome release. First, the acidic pH of the stratum corneum was considered to present an antimicrobial barrier preventing colonization (e.g. by Staphylococcus aureus and Malassezia). Later on, it was found that the pH influences skin barrier function, lipid synthesis and aggregation, epidermal differentiation and desquamation. Enzymes of ceramide metabolism (e.g. β-glucocerebrosidase or acid sphingomyelinase) as well as proteases (e.g. chymotryptic enzyme or cathepsin D linked to epidermal differentiation and desquamation) are regulated by the pH. Experimental disruption of the physical barrier leads to an increase of pH, returning to normal levels only after many hours. Inflammatory skin diseases and diseases with an involvement of the epidermis exhibit a disturbed skin barrier and an increased pH. This is known for atopic dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, ichthyosis, rosacea and acne, but also for aged and dry skin. Normalizing the pH by acidification through topical treatment helps to establish a physiological microbiota, to repair skin barrier, to induce epidermal differentiation and to reduce inflammation.

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“…The values measured on the untreated forearm serve as general baseline values for the respective study subjects as we did not measure baseline values on both arms before the start of the application period. In the literature [29,30,31,32] as well as in our own first experiment, we found that there is no significant difference between the baseline pH ss of different body sites, which is why we did not carry out further measurements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Impact of a pH 5 Oil-in-Water Emulsion on Skin Surface pH

Fürtjes

Weiß

Filbry

et al. 2017

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Background: Human skin surface has a physiologically acidic pH (pH_ss). In cases of increased pH_ss, the acidity of the skin can be restored by topical formulations. We tested a pH 5 oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion for pH_ss regeneration and stabilization. Methods: We performed 2 experiments with 10 female study subjects in each. In both experiments, 2D imaging with luminescent sensor foils was used to determine pH_ss. Alkalization was reached by washing the volar forearm with a soap bar and warm running tap water for 20 min. Experiment 1: after defining the baseline pH_ss, we alkalized the respective area and measured pH_ss over a duration of 5 h, while applying emulsion every hour. Experiment 2: study subjects used the emulsion twice daily for 1 week. Then, pH_ss was measured before and after 5 min of washing a treated and an untreated area on the volar forearm. Results: (1) 5 h after alkalization, the treated arm showed a significantly lower pH_ss than the untreated one (5.87 ± 0.03 vs. 6.05 ± 0.03); (2) after washing, the treated area had a significantly lower pH_ss than controls (6.13 ± 0.03 vs. 6.27 ± 0.05). Conclusions: The tested pH 5 O/W emulsion seems to improve regeneration and stabilization of pH_ss.

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Impact of Age and Body Site on Adult Female Skin Surface pH

Cited by 43 publications

References 65 publications

Introduction to skin aging

Introduction to skin aging

pH in nature, humans and skin

Impact of a pH 5 Oil-in-Water Emulsion on Skin Surface pH

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