“…A separate study sample (N = 158,292) was drawn from the BOLD for patients who met the following inclusion criteria: (Flegal et al, 2012) women aged 40 to 65 years on the day of bariatric surgery, (Wang et al, 2011) patients who received RYGB, sleeve gastrectomy, or gastric banding procedure for the first time (to avoid confounding due to multiple bariatric procedures given to a single patient), (Davis et al, 2012) pre-operative BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 , (Royer et al, 2007) 100 cm ≤ pre- and post-operative height ≤ 210 cm (to minimize confounding due to extreme height), (Da Fonseca et al, 2013) 50 kg ≤ pre- and post-operative mass ≤ 400 kg (to minimize confounding due to extreme mass), (Karmali et al, 2013) z-score of % TWL < 3.3 (to minimize undue influence of outliers), and (Buchwald, 2005) 1 week ≤ follow-up period ≤ 5 years.…”